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BIO 2102 > SPECIAL SENSES* CH 16 > Flashcards

SPECIAL SENSES* CH 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify and describe the four kinds of information that sensory inputs transmit

A

TYPE - Hearing, smell, taste etc

INTENSITY - Strength of stimulus (decides which fibers respond, how many respond and how fast they are responding)

LOCATION - Where is it located? arm, finger etc

DURATION - How long does the stimulus last? (how long does it take you to adapt? clothes on skin, smell in a room etc)

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2
Q

Generally, do large or small receptive fields allow for two point discrimination? Why?

A

A receptive field refers to the area by which a neuron’s dendrites cover. Within each neuron space, the sense of feeling is likely confused as a single point.

Therefore, small recptive fields allow for two point discrimination because it allows for two points to be discriminated and identified with respect to one another

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3
Q

Identify the three ways intensity is coded regarding stimulus strength

A

The intensity of a stimulus directly affects:
How many fibers respond
How fast the fibers are firing
What type of fibers respond

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4
Q

Phasic Receptors vs Tonic Receptors

What do they relate to? Provide an example for each

A

They both relate to the duration of a stimulus

Phasic - Adapt quickly to stimuli; smell (PHast)

Tonic - Adapt slowly to stimuli; body position, muscle tension

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5
Q

Identify and describe the classifications of receptors by stimulus modality. What do they each respond to?

A

Thermoreceptors - respond to temperature
Photoreceptors - respond to light
Nociceptors - respond to pain
Chemoreceptors - respond to chemicals
Mechanoreceptors - respond to physical pressure

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6
Q

Identify and describe the classifications of receptors by origin of stimuli. What do they each respond to?

A

Exteroceptors - sense stimuli external to body
Interoceptors - detect internal stimuli
Proprioceptors - sense body position and movement

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7
Q

Encapsulated vs Unencapsulated nerve endings; Which is more sensitive?

A

Encapsulated nerve endings have additional tissue that enhances sensitivity

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8
Q

Nociceptive vs Neuropathic Pain

A

Nociceptive - stems from tissue injury
Neuropathic - stems from injuries to nerves, spinal cord, meninges, and brain

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9
Q

Identify the chemical senses

A

Taste and Smell

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10
Q
A

A - Vallate Papillae
B - Foliate Papillae
C - Fungiform Papillae

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11
Q

What are the primary gustatory sensations? What causes them?

A

Salty - Metal Ions (Sodium, Potassium)
Sweet - Carbs
Umami - Amino Acids in Chicken or Beef
Sour - Acids
Bitter - Alkaloids

SSBUS

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12
Q

Identify the name and number of the cranial nerve(s) involved in gustation

A

Facial Nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
Vagus Nerve (X)

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13
Q

What are odorants?

A

Airborne chemicals (that give off a scent)

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14
Q

Identify the name and number of the cranial nerve(s) involved in olfaction

A

Olfactory Nerve (I)

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15
Q

Pitch vs Loudness

A

Pitch - Measured by the frequency of vibration (hz)

Loudness - The intensity or amplitude

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16
Q

High pitch is associated with which end of the basillar membrane? What is an example of a high pitch noise?

A

Basal End; Piccolo, Flute

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17
Q

Low pitch is associated with which end of the basillar membrane? What is an example of a low pitch noise?

A

Distal End; Trombone

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18
Q

Identify the auditory ossicles

A

A - Malleus
B - Incus
C - Stapes

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19
Q

What window does the stapes cover?

A

Oval Window

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20
Q

What does the tensor tympani muscle attach to?

A

Malleus

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21
Q

Why is otitis media more common in children?

A

Their eustachian tube is horizontal and has issues draining

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22
Q

Where are the scala vestibuli and scala tympani? What windows are they nearest to?

A
23
Q

What chambers of the inner ear house the endolymph and perilymph

A

Endolymph - Scala Media (Cochlear Duct)
Perliymph - Scala Vestibuli, Scala Tympani

24
Q

What is the function of the Organ of Corti?

A

Has hairs (stereocilia) that converts vibration to nerve signals as they open up potassium channels

25
Q

Identify and describe the tympanic reflex

A

When noises are too loud, it causes the tensor tympani and stapedius to contract to reduce vibration of stapes on the oval window

26
Q

Movement of the _____ when the basilar membrane rises pulls on the _____ and opens ion channels, allowing _____ to flow in and depolarize the cells

A

Stereocilia
Tip Link
Potassium

27
Q

How is loudness determined within the ear?

A

The vibrations

  • Soft sounds are associated with low vibrations
  • Loud sounds are associated with higher vibrations
28
Q

How is pitch determined within the ear?

A

The length or distance of the vibrations within the basilar membrane

  • High pitch is at the closer end of the basilar membrane
  • Low pitch is at the further end of the basilar membrane
29
Q

Identify and describe the two types of deafness

A

Conductive Deafness - Interferance with vibrations to the inner ear
Sensorineural Deafness - Death of stereocilia

30
Q

Identify the name and number of the cranial nerve(s) involved in hearing and equilibrium

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)

31
Q

Describe linear acceleration and its associated structures

A

A change in velocity in a straight line detected by the saccule and utricle

32
Q

Describe angular acceleration and its associated structures

A

A change in rate of rotation detected by the semicircular ducts

33
Q

What is the clinical term for pink eye? Spell it correctly

A

Conjunctivitis

34
Q

What is the name of the gland that secretes tears?

A

Lacrimal Gland OR Apparatus

35
Q

Identify the extrinsic eye muscles. What are the movements for each muscle? What cranial nerves innervate each muscle?

A

Superior Rectus - Up (3)
Inferior Rectus - Down (3)
Medial Rectus - Medially (3)
Lateral Rectus - Laterally (6)
Superior Oblique - Down and Out (4)
Inferior Oblique - Up and Out (3)

LR6, SO4, EE3

36
Q

Identify the tunics of the eye in order from most superficial to least superficial

A

Fibrous Layer -
Vascular Layer -
Neural Layer -

37
Q

Identify the components of the fibrous layer of the eye

A

Sclera
Cornea

38
Q

Identify the components of the vascular layer of the eye

A

Choroid
Iris
Ciliary Body
(ChIC)

39
Q

Identify the components of the neural layer of the eye

A

Retina
Beginning of the Optic Nerve

40
Q

Identify and describe the common causes of blindness

A

Cataracts - Clouding of the lenses

Glaucoma - Result of pressure within the eye and damage to cells and the optic nerve

Macular Degeneration - Death of receptor cells in the retina

Diabetic Neuropathy - Caused by diabetes which affects the retinal blood vessels

41
Q

Where in the eye do we produce the most finely detailed images?

A

Fovea Centralis

42
Q

What is the clinical term for normal vision?

A

Emmetropia

43
Q

What is the clinical term for farsightedness? What type of lens could help correct this?

A

Hyperopia; Convex (curves out)

44
Q

What is the clinical term for nearsightedness? What type of lens could help correct this?

A

Myopia; Concave (curves in)

45
Q

What is an astigmatism?

A

An eye disorder caused when the lens or cornea is curved more steeply in one direction than another

46
Q

What are the two photoreceptors? What type of vision are they both responsible for?

A

Rods - Night Vision, Shades of Gray
Cones - Day Vision, Color

47
Q

What causes color blindness?

A

Lack of Cones in the eye that help process color (day vision)

48
Q

Identify the name and number of the cranial nerve(s) involved in vision

A

Optic Nerve (II)

49
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

Have no tastebuds associated with them; help sense food

50
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

Form parallel ridges along the sides of the posterior ends of the tongue; tastebuds degenerate by 3yoa

51
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

Haped like mushrooms, has about three tastebuds

52
Q

Vallate Papillae

A

Large papillae shaped in a V at the posterior end of the tongue; contains up to one half of all taste buds

53
Q

Which ossicle connects directly to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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