vertebral column, bony thorax

Question 1

intervertebral discs- pad between vertebrae

Answer 1

cushion like pad composed of 2 parts. nucleus pulposus- inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility. anulus fibrosus- outter collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

Question 2

vertebral column

Answer 2

chain of 33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs. cervical (7)- vertebrae of neck. thoracic(12)- vertebrae of thoracic cage. lumbar(5)- vertebra of lower back. sacral(5)- bone inferior to lumbar vertebrae. coccygeal(4)- terminus of vertebral column. functions: supports skull and trunk, allows movement, protects spinal cord, absorbs stress from walking, running and lifting. provides attachment for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles. transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs. surrounds and protects spinal cord. flexible curved structure containing 26 irregular bones (vertebrae). birth c shaped. 3 s shaped. secondary curvatures; cervical and lumbar curvatures that develop after crawling and walking.

Question 3

body (centrum)

Answer 3

anterior weight bearing region

Question 4

vertebral arch

Answer 4

composed of pedicles and laminae that along with centrum enclose vertebral foramen

Question 5

vertebral foramina

Answer 5

together make up vertebral canal for spinal cord

Question 6

intervertebral foramina

Answer 6

lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves

Question 7

seven processes per vertebra

Answer 7

spinous process, transverse processes, superior articular processes, inferior articular processes

Question 8

spinous process

Answer 8

projects posteriorly

Question 9

transverse processes(2)

Answer 9

project laterally

Question 10

superior articular processes(2)

Answer 10

protrude inferiorly

Question 11

c1 and c2= atlas and axis

Answer 11

have unique features

Question 12

atlas c1

Answer 12

no body or spinous process, consists of anterior and posterior arches and 2 lateral masses, superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles. “yes” motion, flat, no body, supports the skull

Question 13

axis c2

Answer 13

dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas, dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas, “no” motion, dens (odontoid process) provides rotational movement

Question 14

cervical vertebrae

Answer 14

seven total, smallest and lightest, transverse foramina- holes in, transverse processes- passage of the vertebral arteries, bifid spinous process for the nuchal ligament

Question 15

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 15

t1- t12, all articulate with ribs at facets and demifacets, long spinous process, location of articular facet allows rotation of this area of spine, twelve total, costal facets- attachment points for the 12 pairs of ribs, spinous process is pointed and angled downward

Question 16

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 16

L1-L5, short, thick pedicles and laminae, flat, hatchet shaped spinous processes, orientation of articular facets, locks lumbar vertebrae together, so as to prevent rotation, five total, thick stout bodies, blunt squarish spinous process, largest of all vertebrae, articular processes face laterally and medially

Question 17

sacrum (fusion of s1-s5)

Answer 17

fusion begins by age 16 and finishes by age 26, 5 fused vertebrae, forms posterior wall of pelvis, articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of hip bones laterally. articulates with pelvic bones and forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity

Question 18

coccyx (c01- c04)- tailbone

Answer 18

fuse by age 20, 3-5 (4) fused vertebrae, articulates superiorly with sacrum, provides attachment point for muscles of the pelvic floor

Question 19

thoracic cage

Answer 19

composed of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and their costal cartilages. function is to protect vital organs of thoracic cavity. supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs, provides attachment sites for many muscles, including intercostal muscles used during breathing. conical enclosure for lungs and heart, attachment point for pectoral girdle and upper limbs, expands and contracts for respiration.

Question 20

sternum (breast bone)

Answer 20

3 fused bones, manubrium-clavicular notches, jugular (suprasternal) notches, and sternal angle (angle of Louis) articulates with clavicle and ribs 1 &2, body-(gladiolus) articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2-7, xiphoid process- site of abdominal muscle attachment (not ossified until age 40)

Question 21

ribs

Answer 21

12 pairs, all attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae, pairs 1-7- true (vertebrosternal) ribs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages. false (vertebrochondral) ribs 8-12- lack independent connection to sternum, ribs 8-10 attach to costal cartilage of rib 7. Ribs 11-12 floating (vertebral) ribs, no attachment to sternum

Question 22

structure of a rib (main parts)

Answer 22

head- articulates posteriorly with facets(demifacets) on bodies of 2 adjacent vertebrae, neck, tubercle- articulates posteriorly with transverse costal facet of same numbered thoracic vertebra, shaft