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Bio-211 > Chapter-1 > Flashcards

Chapter-1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of structural basis of body function

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)

A

structure visible to naked eye

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

multiple organ systems at once in a given region of body

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4
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

one organ system at a time

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5
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

external structure

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy (histology)

A

tissue specimens

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7
Q

Cytology

A

structure and function of individual cells

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8
Q

Histology

A

slice/stained tissue specimens observed under microscope

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9
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

trace changes throughout lifespan

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10
Q

Embryology

A

developmental changes occur before birth

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11
Q

Physiology

A

study of functional relevance of that structure

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12
Q

Principle of Complementarity of structure and function

A

Anatomy and Physiology are inseparable, function always reflects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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13
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A

Hierarchy. Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ level, Organ System level

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14
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms combine to form molecules

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15
Q

Atoms

A

smallest building blocks

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16
Q

Molecules

A

group of atoms

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17
Q

Organelles

A

molecules come together

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18
Q

Cellular Level

A

cells are made up of molecules

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19
Q

Tissue Level

A

groups of similar cells that have common function

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20
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

type of tissue covers body surfaces, lining all cavities

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21
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports and protects organs

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22
Q

Muscle tissue

A

tissue composed of elongated, electrically excitable cells specialized for contraction

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23
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

means of rapid internal communication by transmitting impulses

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24
Q

Organ Level

A

organs are made up of different types of tissues

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25
Q

Organismal

A

all organ systems

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26
Q

Organ System Level

A

11-groups of organs that carry out a basic function of the organism

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27
Q

Integumentary System- organs

A

skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

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28
Q

Integumentary System- function

A

protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

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29
Q

Skeletal System- organs

A

bones, cartilages, ligaments

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30
Q

Skeletal System- function

A

support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

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31
Q

Muscular System- organs

A

skeletal muscles

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32
Q

Muscular System- function

A

movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

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33
Q

Nervous System- organs

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

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34
Q

Nervous System- function

A

rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

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35
Q

Endocrine System- organs

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries

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36
Q

Endocrine system- function

A

hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination

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37
Q

Circulatory System- organs

A

heart, blood vessels

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38
Q

Circulatory System- function

A

distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells and antibodies, and acid-base balance

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39
Q

Lymphatic System- organs

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

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40
Q

Lymphatic System- function

A

recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

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41
Q

Respiratory System- organs

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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42
Q

Respiratory System- function

A

absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

43
Q

Digestive System- organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

44
Q

Digestive System- function

A

nutrient breakdown and absorption

45
Q

liver functions

A

metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, cleansing of blood, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones

46
Q

Urinary System- organs

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

47
Q

Urinary System- function

A

elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, detoxification

48
Q

Male Reproductive System- organs

A

testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vessicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis

49
Q

Male Reproductive System- function

A

production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones

50
Q

Female Reproductive System- organs

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

51
Q

Female Reproductive System- function

A

production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment; birth, lactation; secretion of sex hormones

52
Q

The language of Anatomy

A

anatomical position, directional terms, regional terms, divisions of the body, anatomical variability, body planes and sections, body cavities and membranes

53
Q

Anatomical position

A

standard body position- upright with feet flat and close together, arms at sides, palms and face directed forward

54
Q

Right and Left

A

refer to body being viewed

55
Q

Directional terms

A

describe locations of structures

56
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

above, toward head end, upper part of body

57
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

below, away from head end, lower part of body

58
Q

Ventral

A

toward or at front of body

59
Q

Dorsal

A

toward back of body

60
Q

Medial

A

toward midline of body

61
Q

Lateral

A

away from midline

62
Q

Intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

63
Q

Proximal

A

closer to point of attachment

64
Q

Distal

A

farther from point of origin

65
Q

Superficial

A

external- closer to body surface

66
Q

Deep

A

internal- further from body surface

67
Q

Regional terms

A

designate specific within body divisions

68
Q

Axial part

A

head, neck, and trunk

69
Q

Appendicular part

A

upper and lower limbs

70
Q

Anatomical variability

A

humans differ externally and internally.

71
Q

Body plane

A

flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for study

72
Q

Sagittal plane

A

extends vertically and divides the body into right and left portions

73
Q

Midsagittal plane (median)

A

passes through midline and divides equal right and left halves

74
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

unequal right/ left portions

75
Q

Frontal plane (coronal)

A

anterior and posterior portions

76
Q

Transverse plane (horizontal)

A

perpendicular to its long axis. divides body into superior and inferior portions

77
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

protects nervous system

78
Q

Cranial cavity

A

encases brain

79
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

encases spinal cord

80
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

houses internal organs

81
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

subdivided 2, pleural cavity (lung) and pericardial cavity (heart)

82
Q

Pleural cavity

A

contains lungs

83
Q

Mediastinum

A

thick partition

84
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

contains heart

85
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

consists of the abdominal cavity superiorly and the pelvic cavity inferiorly

86
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

contains most of digestive organs as well as spleen, liver, kidneys, and ureters

87
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, prostate glands

88
Q

Nine Regions of abdomen

A

umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric, right/left lumbar, right/left hypochondriac, right/left iliac

89
Q

What organ/s is/are in the umbilical region?

A

small intestine

90
Q

Epigastric region?

A

liver, gallbladder, 10th rib

91
Q

Hypogastric region?

A

urinary bladder, urethra

92
Q

Right/Left Lumbar regions?

A

large intestine

93
Q

Four quadrants of abdomen

A

right/ left upper quadrant, right/left lower quadrant

94
Q

Serosa

A

outer layer- divides and wraps around

95
Q

Parietal serosae

A

lines internal body cavity walls

96
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

outer layer lining pericardial cavity

97
Q

Parietal pleura

A

outer layer lining thoracic cavity (inside of rib cage)

98
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

lines walls of the abdominalpelvic cavity

99
Q

Visceral serosae

A

covers internal organs

100
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

covers heart

101
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers outside of lungs

102
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

covers most of the organs in the abdominalpelvic cavity

103
Q

Serous fluid

A

fluid secreted by both layers of membrane. between visceral and parietal

Bio-211 (28 decks)

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