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Bio-211 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the integrative functions of the nervous system are performed mainly by

A

interneurons

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2
Q

neurons arise from embryonic

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

the soma of a mature neuron lacks

A

centrioles

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4
Q

the glial cells that destroy microorganisms in the CNS are

A

microglia

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5
Q

a friend takes a flash photograph of you, and you continue to see an image of the flash unit for several seconds afterward. This phenomenon is the result of a ___ circuit

A

parallel after discharge

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6
Q

neurotransmitters are found in

A

the presynaptic terminal

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7
Q

another name for the axon of a neuron is

A

nerve fiber

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8
Q

nerves that directly control the motility of the stomach or rate of the heartbeat would belong to

A

the visceral motor division

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9
Q

the glial cells that guide migrating neurons in the developing fetal brain are

A

astrocytes

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10
Q

which of the following appears earlier than all the rest in prenatal development of the nervous system

A

the neural plate

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11
Q

neurons that convey information to the CNS are called sensory, or ___, neurons

A

afferent

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12
Q

motor effects that depend on repetitive output from a neural pool are most likely to use the ___ type of neural circuit

A

reverberating

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13
Q

prenatal degeneration of the forebrain results in a birth defect called

A

anencephaly

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14
Q

neurons receive incoming signals by way of specialized processes called

A

dendrites

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15
Q

in the central nervous system, cells called ___ perform one of the same functions that Schwann cells do in the peripheral nervous system.

A

oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

a/ an ___ synapse is formed when a presynaptic neuron synapses with the cell body of postsynaptic neuron

A

axosomatic

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17
Q

all of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord is called

A

peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

the ___ and ___ are necessary for regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

A

neurilemma, endoneurium

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19
Q

in the peripheral nervous system, the somas of the neurons are concentrated in enlarged, knotlike structures called ____ connected to the nerves

A

ganglia

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20
Q

at a given synapse, the ___ neuron has neurotransmitter receptors.

A

postsynaptic

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21
Q

below L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called

A

the cauda equina

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22
Q

the brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves

A

axillary, radial, median, and ulnar

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23
Q

between the dura mater and vertebral bone, one is most likely to find

A

adipose tissue

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24
Q

which tract carries motor signals destined for the postural muscles

A

the vestibulospinal tract

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25
Q

a patient has a gunshot wound that caused a bone fragment to nick the spinal cord. The patient now feels no pain or temperature sensations from that level of the body down. Most likely, the ___ was damaged.

A

spinothalamic tract

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26
Q

what are the regions of the spinal cord

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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27
Q

In the spinal cord, the Soma’s of the lower motor neurons are found in

A

The anterior horns

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28
Q

The outermost connective tissue wrapping of a nerve is called

A

The epineurium

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29
Q

The intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus

A

Thoracic

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30
Q

All somatic reflexes share all of the following properties

A

They are quick, they require stimulation, they are involuntary, they are stereotyped

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31
Q

Outside the CNS, the Somas of neurons are clustered in swellings called

A

ganglia

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32
Q

Distal to the intervertebral foramen, a spinal nerve branches into a posterior and anterior

A

rami

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33
Q

The cerebellum receives feedback from the muscles and joints by way of the ___ tracts of the spinal cord

A

spinocerebellar

34
Q

Motor innervation of the leg proper comes predominantly from the ___ plexus

A

sacral

35
Q

Neural circuits called ____ in the spinal cord produce the rhythmic muscular contractions of walking

A

central pattern generators

36
Q

The ____ nerves arise from the cervical plexus and innervate the diaphragm

A

phrenic

37
Q

The crossing of a nerve fiber or tract from the right side of the CNS to the left, or vice versa, is called

A

decussation

38
Q

the nonvisual awareness of the body’s position and movements is called ___

A

proprioception

39
Q

the ___ ganglion contains the somas of neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord

A

posterior root

40
Q

the sciatic nerve is a composite of two nerves, the ___ and ___

A

tibial, common fibular

41
Q

what is caudal to the hypothalamus

A

the cerebral aqueduct

42
Q

hearing is associated mainly with

A

the temporal lobe

43
Q

the blood- CSF barrier is formed by

A

ependymal cells

44
Q

the pyramids of the medulla oblongata contain

A

descending corticospinal fibers

45
Q

what is involved in vision

A

the temporal lobe, the occipital lobe, the midbrain tectum, the trochlear nerve

46
Q

while studying in a noisy cafeteria, you get sleepy and doze off for a few minutes. You awaken with a start and realize that all the cafeteria sounds have just “come back”. while you were dozing, this auditory input was blocked from reaching your auditory cortex by

A

the reticular activating system

47
Q

because of a brain lesion, a certain patient never feels full, but eats so excessively that she now weighs nearly 600 pounds. the lesion is most likely in her

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

the ___ is most closely associated with the cerebellum in embryonic development and remains its primary source of input fibers throughout life

A

pons

49
Q

damage to the ___ nerve could result in defects of eye movement

A

abducens

50
Q

all of the following, begin or end in the orbit

A

optic, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens

51
Q

the right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by a thick C- shaped bundle of fibers called the

A

corpus callosum

52
Q

the brain has four chambers called ___ filled with ___ fluid

A

ventricles, cerebrospinal

53
Q

in a sagittal section, the cerebellar white matter exhibits a branching pattern called the

A

arbor vitae

54
Q

part of the limbic system involved in forming new memories is the

A

hippocampus

55
Q

cerebrospinal fluid is secreted partly by a mass of blood capillaries called the ___ in each ventricle

A

choroid plexus

56
Q

the primary motor area of the cerebrum is the ___ gyrus of the frontal lobe

A

precentral

57
Q

your personality is determined mainly by which lobe of the cerebrum

A

frontal

58
Q

areas of cerebral cortex that identify or interpret sensory information are called

A

association cortex

59
Q

linear, analytical, and verbal thinking occurs in the ___ hemisphere of the cerebrum, which is on the left in most people

A

categorical

60
Q

the motor pattern for speech is generated in an area of cortex called the ___ and them transmitted to the primary motor cortex to be carried out

A

broca area

61
Q

hot and cold stimuli are detected by

A

free nerve endings

62
Q

sensory signals for all of the following, must pass through the thalamus before they can reach the cerebral cortex

A

taste, hearing, equilibrium, and vision

63
Q

the vallate papillae are more sensitive to ___ than to any of these other tastes

A

bitter

64
Q

the ear is somewhat protected from loud noises by

A

the stapedius

65
Q

the sensory neurons that begin in the spiral organ of the ear end in

A

the cochlear nucleus

66
Q

the spiral organ rests on

A

the basilar membrane

67
Q

the acceleration you feel when an elevator begins to rise is sensed by

A

the macula sacculi

68
Q

the highest density of cone cells is found in

A

the fovea centralis

69
Q

the dilated blood vessels seen in “blood shot” eyes are vessels of

A

the conjunctiva

70
Q

a person would look cross eyed if ___ muscles contracted at once

A

both medial rectus

71
Q

the most finely detailed vision occurs when an image falls on a pit in the retina called

A

fovea centralis

72
Q

fibers of the optic nerve come from the ___ cells of the retina

A

ganglion

73
Q

a sensory nerve ending specialized to detect tissue injury and produce a sensation of pain is called a/ an

A

nociceptor

74
Q

the gelatinous membranes of the macula sacculi and macula utriculi are weighted by calcium carbonate- protein granules called

A

otoliths

75
Q

three rows of ___ in the cochlea have V- shaped arrays of stereocilia and tune the frequency sensitivity of the cochlea

A

outer hair cells

76
Q

the ___ is a tiny bone that vibrates in the oval window and thereby transfers sound vibrations to the inner ear

A

stapes

77
Q

the ___ of the midbrain receive auditory input and trigger the head- turning auditory reflex

A

inferior colliculi

78
Q

the apical microvilli of a gustatory cell are called

A

taste hairs

79
Q

olfactory neurons synapse with mitral cells and tufted cells in the ___, which lies inferior to the frontal lobe

A

olfactory bulb

80
Q

in the phenomenon of ___, pain from the viscera is perceived as coming from an area of the skin

A

referred pain

Bio-211 (28 decks)

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