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Bio-211 > CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cartilage

A

embryonic forerunner of most bones and covers many joint surfaces

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2
Q

ligaments

A

hold bone to bone at joint

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3
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to muscle

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4
Q

human skeleton

A

made up of cartilage and fibrous membranes, later replaced by bone

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5
Q

skeletal cartilages- type of cartilage tissue

A

structure- water, avascular, no nerves. provides resilience

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6
Q

Perichondrium

A

surrounded by a layer of dense irregular tissue, contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach cartilage cells. acts as girdle help resist outward expansion when cartilage compresses

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7
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant skeletal cartilage, spherical chondrocytes, fine collagen fibers which not detectable microscopically. provide support with flexibility and resilience

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8
Q

4 types of hyaline cartilage

A

articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilage

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9
Q

articular cartilage

A

end of bones where form movable joints

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10
Q

costal cartilage

A

connects ribs to sternum

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11
Q

respiratory cartilage

A

forms skeleton of Larynx

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12
Q

nasal cartilage

A

supports the external nose

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13
Q

elastic cartilage

A

looks like hyaline, more elastic fibers. stand up to repeated bending and maintain shape, external ear and epiglottis

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14
Q

fibrocartilage (shock absorption)

A

highly compressable cartilage, it has great tensile strength, parallel rows of collagen fibers, alternating with parallel rows of chondrocytes in lacunae. withstand heavy pressure and stretch. found in intervertebral discs, meniscus, and pubic symphysis

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15
Q

bone

A

many sizes and shapes. 270 at birth that fuse as we age, 206-adult

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16
Q

groups of bones

A

framework that supports body, levers, minerals release into blood stream (deposit and withdrawal), triglyceride storage (source of energy)

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17
Q

axial skeleton

A

central supporting axis of body. bones=skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage. function= protect, support, and carrying other body parts

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18
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones=upper limbs and pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle. bones that help append the limb to the axial skeleton. function= locomotion (move from place to place) and manipulation of the environment

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19
Q

classification of bones

A

according to shape. long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones

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20
Q

long bones

A

rigid levers for movement (humerus) elongated shape not overall size, longer than they are wide, have a shaft, and 2 ends to them. all limb bones except patella, wrist, and ankle bones.

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21
Q

short bones

A

glide within joints(carpals of wrist), bones that are cube shaped, equal in length and width. wrist and ankle bones, sesamoid

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22
Q

flat bones

A

thin often curved (ribs), thin flattened and a bit curved. sternum, ribs, scapulae, and most skull bones

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23
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shape (vertebrae), complicated shape, vertebrae and hip bones

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24
Q

functions of bones

A

support, protection of delicate organs, movement, mineral storage calcium and phosphate, production of blood cells, blood formation in marrow (hematopoesis), acid-base balance, and detoxification

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25
Q

sesamoid

A

form within tendons, due to stress

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26
Q

sutural (wormian) bones

A

extra bones of skull, not found in everyone

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27
Q

bone structure

A

dense outter layer thats smooth and solid(compact), internal spongy, other area with red or yellow bone marrow

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28
Q

bones as organs

A

4 tissue types

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29
Q

bone markings

A

projections, depressions, and openings indicate stress from tendons, ligaments and muscle serve as conduits

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30
Q

projections that attach to muscle

A

outward growths, bulges

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31
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded projections and can be roughened. rough surface. (seated ischial tuberosity- pressure point develop decubitous ulcer)

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32
Q

tubercle

A

small rounded projection or a process.

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33
Q

crest

A

narrow ridge of bone (usually prominent)

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34
Q

line

A

narrow ridge of bone (less prominent than a crest)

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35
Q

epicondyle

A

raised area on or above a condyle.

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36
Q

trochanter

A

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

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37
Q

spine

A

sharp, slender, often pointed, projection

38
Q

process

A

any bony prominence

39
Q

projections that form joints

A

head, condyle, ramus, and facet

40
Q

head

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

41
Q

condyle

A

rounded articular projection

42
Q

ramus

A

arm-like bar of bone

43
Q

facet

A

smooth or nearly flat articular surface

44
Q

osteology

A

study of bone. bone is a connective tissue with a hard matrix, mineralization (calcification)- process of hardening. other tissue present in bone; blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, fibrous connective tissue

45
Q

depressions

A

contain certain structures

46
Q

fossa (skull- anterior/middle/ posterior)

A

shallow basin like depressions in a bone

47
Q

groove

A

furrow passage for blood vessels

48
Q

openings

A

allow for passage of nerve and blood vessels

49
Q

meatus

A

canal like passageway (ie:acoustic meatus)

50
Q

fissure

A

narrow, slit like opening

51
Q

foramen

A

round or oval opening through a bone

52
Q

notch

A

indentation at the edge of a structure

53
Q

sinus

A

a cavity within a bone (inside has been riddled out and its filled with air and lined with mucous membrane)

54
Q

compact and spongy bone

A

bone textures. every bone has an outter/inner layer

55
Q

compact bone

A

external

56
Q

spongy bone

A

internal- honeycomb or flat needle like pieces called trabeculae

57
Q

trabeculae

A

tiny bone struts- help bone resist stress

58
Q

long bone structure

A

compact and spongy bone tissue, 2 epiphyses (heads) at ends of diaphysis (shaft), marrow (medullary) cavity. epiphyseal line- remnant of growth plate. periosteum covering nutrient foramina. endosteum lining. articular cartilage- smooths joints

59
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft- forms long access of bone

60
Q

medullary cavity

A

constructed of thick layers of compact bone that surrounds central medullary cavity. yellow marrow cavity contains fat

61
Q

epiphysis

A

bone ends are formed of compact and spongy bone- joint surface covered by thin layer of articular or hyaline cartilage

62
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

red bone marrow found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and also diploe (center) of flat bones, more active because they have less fat containing cavities (use those bones for samples)

63
Q

epiphyseal line (metaphysis)

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis. remnant of growth “epiphysial” plate.

64
Q

epiphysial plate

A

found in children up until growth ends. disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone

65
Q

membranes

A

coverings

66
Q

periosteum

A

glistening white, double layered membrane that covers entire external surface of long bones except for joint surfaces because there we have hyaline cartilage

67
Q

fibrous layer

A

outter layer of dense irregular connective tissue

68
Q

osteogenic layer

A

2nd layer, inner layer consists of osteo blasts “ bone germinators”

69
Q

osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

A

stem cells

70
Q

endosteum

A

inner periosteum, central canals. delicate connective tissue membrane that covers the internal bone surface, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals

71
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

72
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

73
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone dissolving macrophages

74
Q

perforating fibers (sharpays fibers)

A

help secure periosteum to bone, tuffs of collagen which extend from fibrous layer of periosteum to bone matrix

75
Q

nutrient foramen

A

tiny openings in periosteum that supply nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels to the diaphysis of bone

76
Q

short/flat/irregular bone structure

A

no shaft, no epiphysis. active marrows (used for biopsies) sternum or coxal bones

77
Q

diploe (sandwich)

A

layer compact bone and center spongy bone

78
Q

microscopic anatomy of bones

A

bone cells- osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells

79
Q

compact bone

A

looks dense but contains passageway for nerves and vessels; adapted to support weight and tension stress

80
Q

osteon

A

basic unit- concentric lamellae, central (haversion) canal. haversian system- structural unit of compact bone

81
Q

lamellae

A

little plates, hollow tubes of bone matrix found surrounding the central canal

82
Q

central canal (haversion canal)

A

runs through the core of each osteon and its going to contain blood vessels and nerve fibers

83
Q

perforating canals (volkmanns canal)

A

found lying at right angles to long axis of bone, they connect the blood and the nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canal and medullary cavity

84
Q

lacunae

A

little hollow spaces found at the junctions of the lamellae “occupied by osteocytes”

85
Q

canaliculi

A

little hair like canals which connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal

86
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

lamellae that fill the gaps in between the osteons

87
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

deep to the periosteum and superficial to the end osteon and they’re spanning the entire diaphysis and they resist long bone twisting

88
Q

chemical composition of bones

A

balance of 2 major components (organic & inorganic) that keep bones strong and durable

89
Q

organic component

A

1/3 collagen and large protein-carbohydrate complexes osteoid cells. organic part of matrix includes ground substance and collagen fibers

90
Q

inorganic components

A

2/3, 85% hydroxyapatite (crystalized calcium phosphate salt) 10% calcium carbonate, 5% other inorganic minerals.

Bio-211 (28 decks)

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