CHAPTER 6 Flashcards
cartilage
embryonic forerunner of most bones and covers many joint surfaces
ligaments
hold bone to bone at joint
tendons
attach muscle to muscle
human skeleton
made up of cartilage and fibrous membranes, later replaced by bone
skeletal cartilages- type of cartilage tissue
structure- water, avascular, no nerves. provides resilience
Perichondrium
surrounded by a layer of dense irregular tissue, contains blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach cartilage cells. acts as girdle help resist outward expansion when cartilage compresses
hyaline cartilage
most abundant skeletal cartilage, spherical chondrocytes, fine collagen fibers which not detectable microscopically. provide support with flexibility and resilience
4 types of hyaline cartilage
articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilage
articular cartilage
end of bones where form movable joints
costal cartilage
connects ribs to sternum
respiratory cartilage
forms skeleton of Larynx
nasal cartilage
supports the external nose
elastic cartilage
looks like hyaline, more elastic fibers. stand up to repeated bending and maintain shape, external ear and epiglottis
fibrocartilage (shock absorption)
highly compressable cartilage, it has great tensile strength, parallel rows of collagen fibers, alternating with parallel rows of chondrocytes in lacunae. withstand heavy pressure and stretch. found in intervertebral discs, meniscus, and pubic symphysis
bone
many sizes and shapes. 270 at birth that fuse as we age, 206-adult
groups of bones
framework that supports body, levers, minerals release into blood stream (deposit and withdrawal), triglyceride storage (source of energy)
axial skeleton
central supporting axis of body. bones=skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage. function= protect, support, and carrying other body parts
appendicular skeleton
bones=upper limbs and pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle. bones that help append the limb to the axial skeleton. function= locomotion (move from place to place) and manipulation of the environment
classification of bones
according to shape. long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones
long bones
rigid levers for movement (humerus) elongated shape not overall size, longer than they are wide, have a shaft, and 2 ends to them. all limb bones except patella, wrist, and ankle bones.
short bones
glide within joints(carpals of wrist), bones that are cube shaped, equal in length and width. wrist and ankle bones, sesamoid
flat bones
thin often curved (ribs), thin flattened and a bit curved. sternum, ribs, scapulae, and most skull bones
irregular bones
complex shape (vertebrae), complicated shape, vertebrae and hip bones
functions of bones
support, protection of delicate organs, movement, mineral storage calcium and phosphate, production of blood cells, blood formation in marrow (hematopoesis), acid-base balance, and detoxification
sesamoid
form within tendons, due to stress
sutural (wormian) bones
extra bones of skull, not found in everyone
bone structure
dense outter layer thats smooth and solid(compact), internal spongy, other area with red or yellow bone marrow
bones as organs
4 tissue types
bone markings
projections, depressions, and openings indicate stress from tendons, ligaments and muscle serve as conduits
projections that attach to muscle
outward growths, bulges
tuberosity
large rounded projections and can be roughened. rough surface. (seated ischial tuberosity- pressure point develop decubitous ulcer)
tubercle
small rounded projection or a process.
crest
narrow ridge of bone (usually prominent)
line
narrow ridge of bone (less prominent than a crest)
epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle.
trochanter
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed, projection
process
any bony prominence
projections that form joints
head, condyle, ramus, and facet
head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
condyle
rounded articular projection
ramus
arm-like bar of bone
facet
smooth or nearly flat articular surface
osteology
study of bone. bone is a connective tissue with a hard matrix, mineralization (calcification)- process of hardening. other tissue present in bone; blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, fibrous connective tissue
depressions
contain certain structures
fossa (skull- anterior/middle/ posterior)
shallow basin like depressions in a bone
groove
furrow passage for blood vessels
openings
allow for passage of nerve and blood vessels
meatus
canal like passageway (ie:acoustic meatus)
fissure
narrow, slit like opening
foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
notch
indentation at the edge of a structure
sinus
a cavity within a bone (inside has been riddled out and its filled with air and lined with mucous membrane)
compact and spongy bone
bone textures. every bone has an outter/inner layer
compact bone
external
spongy bone
internal- honeycomb or flat needle like pieces called trabeculae
trabeculae
tiny bone struts- help bone resist stress
long bone structure
compact and spongy bone tissue, 2 epiphyses (heads) at ends of diaphysis (shaft), marrow (medullary) cavity. epiphyseal line- remnant of growth plate. periosteum covering nutrient foramina. endosteum lining. articular cartilage- smooths joints
diaphysis
shaft- forms long access of bone
medullary cavity
constructed of thick layers of compact bone that surrounds central medullary cavity. yellow marrow cavity contains fat
epiphysis
bone ends are formed of compact and spongy bone- joint surface covered by thin layer of articular or hyaline cartilage
hematopoietic tissue
red bone marrow found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and also diploe (center) of flat bones, more active because they have less fat containing cavities (use those bones for samples)
epiphyseal line (metaphysis)
between diaphysis and epiphysis. remnant of growth “epiphysial” plate.
epiphysial plate
found in children up until growth ends. disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone
membranes
coverings
periosteum
glistening white, double layered membrane that covers entire external surface of long bones except for joint surfaces because there we have hyaline cartilage
fibrous layer
outter layer of dense irregular connective tissue
osteogenic layer
2nd layer, inner layer consists of osteo blasts “ bone germinators”
osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
stem cells
endosteum
inner periosteum, central canals. delicate connective tissue membrane that covers the internal bone surface, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
osteocytes
mature bone cells
osteoclasts
bone dissolving macrophages
perforating fibers (sharpays fibers)
help secure periosteum to bone, tuffs of collagen which extend from fibrous layer of periosteum to bone matrix
nutrient foramen
tiny openings in periosteum that supply nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels to the diaphysis of bone
short/flat/irregular bone structure
no shaft, no epiphysis. active marrows (used for biopsies) sternum or coxal bones
diploe (sandwich)
layer compact bone and center spongy bone
microscopic anatomy of bones
bone cells- osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells
compact bone
looks dense but contains passageway for nerves and vessels; adapted to support weight and tension stress
osteon
basic unit- concentric lamellae, central (haversion) canal. haversian system- structural unit of compact bone
lamellae
little plates, hollow tubes of bone matrix found surrounding the central canal
central canal (haversion canal)
runs through the core of each osteon and its going to contain blood vessels and nerve fibers
perforating canals (volkmanns canal)
found lying at right angles to long axis of bone, they connect the blood and the nerve supply of the periosteum to those in the central canal and medullary cavity
lacunae
little hollow spaces found at the junctions of the lamellae “occupied by osteocytes”
canaliculi
little hair like canals which connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal
interstitial lamellae
lamellae that fill the gaps in between the osteons
circumferential lamellae
deep to the periosteum and superficial to the end osteon and they’re spanning the entire diaphysis and they resist long bone twisting
chemical composition of bones
balance of 2 major components (organic & inorganic) that keep bones strong and durable
organic component
1/3 collagen and large protein-carbohydrate complexes osteoid cells. organic part of matrix includes ground substance and collagen fibers
inorganic components
2/3, 85% hydroxyapatite (crystalized calcium phosphate salt) 10% calcium carbonate, 5% other inorganic minerals.
