vertebral column

Question 1

functions of vertebral column

Answer 1

support upper body weight
protect spinal cord and nerves
allow trunk movement

Question 2

regions of the spine

Answer 2

cervical 1-7
thoracic 1-12
lumbar 1-5
sacrum 1-5 fused
coccyx 1-4 fused

Question 3

features of a vertebrae bone

Answer 3

vertebral body- thick/ bulk/ weight bear and movement

vertebral arch- bony projections protecting nerves- movements

vertebral foramen= nerves travel through his

Question 4

intervertebral canal

Answer 4

site of spinal nerves leave the spine

bounded by IVD in front and bone of pedicle above and bellow
z joints are behind

Question 5

interbody joint classification

Answer 5

modified fibrocartilage joint

Question 6

characteristics of the interbody joint

Answer 6

cartilage end plate= top and bottom

annulus fibrosis- fibrous outside

nucleus pulposis- shock absorption

all 3 from a IVD

Question 7

annular fibrosis

Answer 7

alternating layers of regular connecting tissue

function= maintain the nucleus pulposis// allow and limit movement

as get lower= in lumbar the fibres differ in the way they run 65- 70 degrees

Question 8

end plate

Answer 8

cartilage disc

transmit weight to adjacent disc
confine nucleus pulposis/ annular fibres
securing nutrients for disc because the disc is avascular

Question 9

nucleus pulposion

Answer 9

shock absorption
when force is rapidly applied it squish down and swells out then annular fibrosis stiffens

Question 10

how do IVD gain nutrients

Answer 10

diffusion from vertebral bodies
imbiding fluids

Question 11

lumbar vertebrae in terms of thickness

Answer 11

thickest
because more stability and protection
hence why annular fibres run in 65-70 degrees different directions and more vertical

thicker anterior to support lordodic

Question 12

cervical vertebrae in terms of thickness

Answer 12

smaller

nucleus pulposion very small and disapears by 20 because the annular fibrosis begins to degenerate increasing the ability to move

Question 13

what does the annular fibrosis limit

Answer 13

shear movements due to oblique oreintation

the length on the fibres also allow rocking movements

Question 14

how does nucleus pulposis allow weight bearing

Answer 14

radial expansion of the nucleus pulposis which causes the tension to develop in the annular fibrosis

push down and out

Question 15

functions of interbody joints

Answer 15

transmission of load to adjacent vertebrae by end plate

shock absorption

increased effectiness of annular fibrosis

reformation of vertebrae disc

Question 16

lordosis occurs in

Answer 16

lumbar and cervical

Question 17

kyphosis occurs in

Answer 17

thoracic and sacrum

Question 18

zygopophyseal joint

Answer 18

synovial plane multiaxial

lose articular capsule which is reinforced by ligamentum favum and multifidis

Question 19

Z joint functions

Answer 19

determine direction of movenet
determine range of movenet
to bear weight 33 % cervical 15% in lumbar

Question 20

movements of the spine

Answer 20

flexion and extension
r/l lateral flexion
r/l rotation

Question 21

cervical region of c3-c7

Answer 21

superior articular facets are tipped fwd from coronal plane
large movements because disc degeneration

Question 22

conjunct rotation

Answer 22

in cervical spine ipsilateral coupling with lateral flexion

Question 23

thoracic region

Answer 23

superior articular facets close to coronal plane
equal rom
all movments are limited by the ribs

Question 24

lumbar region

Answer 24

very limited rotation in saggital portion
protection if IVD- coronal portion

x want shear force
decrease risk of hernia
decrease risk of pain
decrease risk of paralysis

Question 25

anterior longnitudal ligament

Answer 25

extends from C1 to sacrum attach to all anterior bodies and disc limits extension

Question 26

posterior longitude ligament

Answer 26

extends from C2 to sacrum attach to posterior durfaces inside foramen sperated from vertebral bodies by venous plexus limit flexion

Question 27

ligamentum flavum

Answer 27

back of laminar to front significant amount of elastic fibres connects lamminate to adjacent vertebrae protect neural tissue break flexion protect z joint

Question 28

supraspinous ligament

Answer 28

C7 to sacrum limit flexion

Question 29

interspinous ligament

Answer 29

connects spinous process limit flexion

Question 30

intratransverse ligament

Answer 30

connect transverse process limits lateral flexion

Question 31

atlas

Answer 31

C1 holds the head no vertebral body- instead 2 lateral masses united by 2 arches anterior and posterior arch with tubercles superior artciular facets are elongated and concaved/ deep

Question 32

axis

Answer 32

c2 body spinous process dens- condonloid process

Question 33

atlanto-occipital joints

Answer 33

synovial/ biaxial/ elipsoid superior articular facets with occipital condyles when they lateral flexion occurs their is contralteral rotation

Question 34

atlanto-axial joint

Answer 34

medium- synovial/ pivot/ uniaxial facet of dens with dens lateralx 2 - synovial plane multiaxial inferior articular facet/ superior articular facet c1 rotates on c2

Question 35

atlanto-occipital membrane

Answer 35

anterior- anterior arch of c1 to margin of foramen magnum posterior- posterior arch of c1 to posterior foramen magnum limit all movement

Question 36

transvers ligament

Answer 36

spans between 2 lateral masses of c1 wraps around dens posteriorly to hold it in place limit anterior glide of c1 in flexion

Question 37

curicform ligament

Answer 37

limit flexion of head superior up to foramen magnum

Question 38

apical ligament of dens

Answer 38

tip of dens to anterior foramen magnum

Question 39

alar ligament

Answer 39

winged top dens to medial sides of occiptal condyles limit flex lat flex contralteral rotation

Question 40

tectorial ligament

Answer 40

extend of posterior longitude ligament posterior surface of c2- anterior margin of foramen magnum limit head flexion

Question 41

atlanto- axial membrane

Answer 41

anterior- anterior arch c1 to anteiro body c2 posterior- psoterior arch c1 to vertebral arch c2

Question 42

ligamentum nuche/ spetum

Answer 42

spinous process c7 to occipital bone expansion of supraspinous

Question 43

joints of lower cervical spine c3- c7

Answer 43

z joints interbody joints- secondary cartilaginous uncovertebral

Question 44

uncovertebral joints

Answer 44

synovial lateral aspects of vertebral body above with uncinate process bottom vertebrae develop as IVD degenerate increase ROM