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VAP > vertebrae > Flashcards

vertebrae Flashcards

1
Q

name the different cranial parts of the vertebrae

A

neural spine, mamillary process, cranial artic facet, lamina arch, vertebral canal, transverse process, centrum

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2
Q

name the different lateral parts of the vertebrae

A

cd artic facet, accessory process, caudal vertebral notch for nerve, centrum and transverse process

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3
Q

how did the vertebral centra evolve

A

segmental bony centra evolved for extra strength, fish centra often biconcave, amphicoelous, linked to ribs

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4
Q

how did the composite vertebra evolve

A

in early tetrapods, a complex fusion of vertebral elements - robust to resist torsional strain

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5
Q

explain how movement of vertebra has evolved

A

sagittal plane flexion allows arching whilst sagittal plane extension allows extending. frontal plane flexion allows bending. there is also axial rotation

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6
Q

explain how vertebrae developed

A

from sclerotome and endochondral ossification. there are 3 primary centres of ossification

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7
Q

where are the 3 primary centres of ossification

A

one interstitial in cartilage model of centrum, two appositional around model of the laminae. two cranial and caudal epiphyses

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8
Q

what is the generic number of vertebrae in the dog

A

cervical 7 thoracic 13 lumbar 7 sacral 3

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9
Q

which type of vertebrae do all species have 7 of

A

cervical

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10
Q

which species have an unusual number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A

rabbit

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11
Q

what are intervertebral discs

A

composite joints, 2 planar synovial joints between articular facets. one unusal symphysis between central discs

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12
Q

what is annulus fiborsus

A

outer symphysis on the centrum, sclerotome; interwoven fibres which resist tension and torsion

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13
Q

what is nucleus pulposus

A

gel like vestige of notochord which resists pressure in the centrum

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14
Q

outline the variations along the column

A

cervical are very mobile, thoracic articulate with ribs and have frontal plane movement, lumbar have sagittal movement, sacrum fused and articulate with pelvis at sacroiliac joint, caudal are v mobile

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15
Q

what are the c1 and c2 vertebrae

A

c1 atlas yes hinge at skull and c2 axis no pivot at c1-c2 joint

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16
Q

how are atlast and axis joined

A

centrum and neural spine of c1 incorporated into c2 the former as the dens or odentoid process

17
Q

what does c1 look like

A

neural arch with no neural spine, remainds old intercentrum so uniquely nerve c1 exits through lateral foramen

18
Q

what is the structure of c3-7

A

short neural spines, two pronged transverse processes, c6 large ventral laminae. c1-6 transverse foramina for vertebral artery

19
Q

structure of thoracic vertebrae

A

cranially long neural spines and short transverse processes, caudally they blend into lumbar vertebrae

20
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

long transverse processes, laterally directed, inter transverse synovial articulations in horses

21
Q

sacral vertebrae appearance?

A

fusion of 3-5 vertebrae and ribs of s1, articulate with pelvis at sacroiliac joint, kink at lumbosacral joint

22
Q

caudal vertebrae?

A

loss of neural spines and arches, then minor>articular>transverse processes until only centrum left. cd4-7 have haemal arches to protect ventral caudal artery.

23
Q

what is the s-cd1 joint site for

A

epidural analgesia

24
Q

how do vertebrae change orientation

A

neural spines tend to point away from limbs

25
Q

what is anticlinical vertebrae

A

the vertical neural spine

26
Q

what are diaphragmatic vertebra

A

horizontal cranial facets, vertical caudal facets

27
Q

what is the curvature and mobility of vertebra

A

t to cd spine in concave ventrally, in oxen and horse spines are straighter and less mobile with some longer processes

28
Q

what are the spinous ligaments 6

A

1 interarcuate ligament, 2 dorsal longitudinal ligament, 3 supraspinous ligament, 4 interspinous ligament, 5 ventral longit ligament from t5-s1, 6 intertransverse ligament

29
Q

what does the supraspinous lig do

A

prevent excessive extension in sagital plane

30
Q

what does the dorsal longitudinal lig do

A

prevent overflexion at denscd1 interface

31
Q

what is the nuchal ligament

A

elastic extension of supraspinous lig to cranial neck and head

VAP (27 decks)

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