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VAP > Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic NS

A
  • Motor nerves to smooth and cardiac muscle visceral motor efferent
  • two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
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2
Q

Divisions of autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic

  • fight and flight
  • protective response
  • elevated heart rate, bp, respiratory rate , increased blood flow to skeletal mm heart brain lungs

Parasympathetic

  • rest and digest
  • quiet stress free situation
  • reset system after parasympathetic activation e.g. slows HR, decreases BP
  • dominates digestive tract innervation
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3
Q

1st and 2nd order neuron locations

A
  • always and only 2 between cns and target organ often travelling as plexi along blood vessels
  • cel body of 1st order neuron is preganglionic, in CNS
  • cell body of 2nd order neuron postganglionic and somewhat peripheral (neural crest) > these cell bodies gathered together in a ganglion esp sympathetic nerves
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4
Q

1st order neuron

2nd order neuron

A

1st - tend to be more myelinated therefore white

2nd - tend to be less myelinated and therefore grey

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5
Q

Distribution of sympathetic system

A
  • widely distributed, goes to smooth muscle of body
  • smooth muscle of skin, blood vessels only receive SYMPATHETIC innervation
  • 1st sympathetic neurones innervate adrenal medulla&raquo_space; systemic sympathetic activation via release of catechloamines into blood stream
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6
Q

Distribution of parasympathetic system

A
  • restricted to visceral organs apart from head and genitalia
  • no PS innervation of kidney and adrenal medulla
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7
Q

Tone of neurones

A
  • continuous active basal rate of action potential = tone

- fine control achieved b increasing or decreasing tone

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8
Q

Antagonism

A
  • 2 systems innervate an organ, they tend to be antagonistic, one will usually dominate e.g. heart sympathetic and guts parasympathetic
  • not always anatgonistic
    »> male reproduction: parasympathetic gives erection and sympathetic gives ejaculation
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9
Q

Sensory nerves

A
  • run back from viscera following route of autonomic nerves
  • referred to as visceral sensory
  • similar to somatic sensory
  • not strictly pat of ANS
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10
Q

SYMPATHETIC VS PARASYMPATHETIC

A

DISTRIBUTION: s cardiac and all smooth muscle, p cardiac and smooth muscle of viscera only

ORIGIN: s thoracolumbar and grey matter of spinal cords t1-l4, p craniosacral CN nuclei and grey matter of s1-2

SYNAPSE OF 1/2 ORDER NEURONS: s in discrete ganglia, p often independently on or near target organs

1st ORDER: 2nd ORDER LENGTH: short:long vs long:short

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11
Q

Sympathetic outflow from CNS origin and routes taken from lat horn

A
  • first order neurone found in lat horn of grey matter T1-L4
  • axon travels down ventral root to spinal nerve then down raamus communicants to sympathetic chain
  • from the chain it can:
    synapse immediately with 2nd neuron, travel up and down the chain before synapsing, pass straight through chain to synapse in an outlying prevertebral ganglion with 2nd order neurone
  • 2nd order axons pass to target organs from chain/ganglia
  • 2nd order neurons found in discrete ganglia associated with each Ramos communicans
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12
Q

Sympathetic chain running from C1 to C2/3

A
  • C1-3 CRANIAL CERVICAL GANGLION @base of skul here commo carotid divides into int and ext carotid aa
  • sympathetic trunk runs along common carotid artery up the neck
  • C4-6 MIDDLE CERVICAL GANGLION ventral to subclavian artery near thoracic inlet
  • C7-T3 CERVICO-THORACIC GANGLION C7-T3 found on lateral surface of longus colli muscle dorsal to subclavian artery
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13
Q

L7 IMPAR GANGLION

A

Point of mergence of left and right chain ganglion

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14
Q

Paravertebral collateral ganglia

A
  • lie beyond sympathetic chain
  • 1st. Order fibres pass straight through the sympathetic chain to synapse in these outlying ganglia
  • 3 main one associated with 3 large unpaired arteries supplying abdomen :
    Coeliac ganglion
    Cranial mesenteric
    Caudal mesenteric
  • connected to sympathetic chain by SPLANCHNIC NERVES
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15
Q

Paravertebral collateral ganglia origins

A

Coeliac ganglion found at root of coeliac artery
Cranial mesenteric found at root of cranial mesenteric artery
Caudal mesenteric found at root of caudal mesenteric artery
-

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16
Q

Splanchnic nerves

A
  • one greater t11-12 connecting to coeliac ganglion - several lesser t13-l1 splanchnics connecting central mesenteric ganglia
  • lumbar splanchnics L3,4&5 connect to caudal mesenteric ganglion
17
Q

Sympathetic supply to thoracic viscera

ORIGIN, 1ST ORDER PATHWAY, GANGLION, 2ND ORDER PATHWAY, TARGET ORGAN

A

O - T1-T4
1OP - ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain
Ganglion - cervico-thoracic or middle cervical ganglion
2OP - cardio sympathetic nerves
Target: heart, bronchiole sm, blood vessel sm

18
Q

Sympathetic supply to the head

A

O; T1-4
1OP: ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain
Ganglion; cranial cervical ganglion
2OP; nerve plexi on internal and external carotid arteries
TARGET: salivary glands, smooth muscle of pupil, blood vessel smooth muscle

19
Q

Sympathetic supply to abdominal viscera - ganglia and arteries

A
  • coeliac, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia are situated at roots of:
  • coeliac artery = foregut
  • cranial mesenteric artery = midgut
  • caudal mesenteric artery = hindgut
  • plexi of 2nd order neurons run down arteries to supply all of abdominal viscera
20
Q

Sympathetic supply to the foregut

A 
O; T1-L4
1OP; ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain, greater and lesser splanchnic nerves
Ganglion; coeliac 
2OP; plexus on coeliac artery 
Target; foregut viscera
21
Q

Sympathetic supply to midgut

A 
O; t1-l4
1OP; ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain, lesser splanchnic nerves
Ganglion; cranial mesenteric ganglion 
2OP; plexus on cranial mesenteric artery
Target; midgut viscera
22
Q

Sympathetic supply to hindgut

A 
O; t1-l4
1OP; ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain, lumbar splanchnics 
Ganglion; caudal mesenteric ganglion
2OP; hypogastric nerve to pelvic plexus 
Target; pelvic viscera
23
Q

Sympathetic supply to blood vessels, skin of trunk and limbs

A

O; t1-l4
1OP; ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain
Ganglion - sympathetic chain ganglia
2OP; rami communicans back to spinal nerves SN, dorsal or ventral branches of SNs
Target; blood vessel smooth muscle, arrector pili sm, sweat gland sm

24
Q

Sympathetic supply to blood vessels and skin of neck

A

O; T1-L4
1OP; ventral root, spinal nerve, ramus communicans, sympathetic chain
Ganglion; cervical-thoracic ganglion
2OP; directly from ganglion to spinal nerves of c7/8 along plexus on vertebral a to spinal nerves c1-6
Target; blood vessel smooth muscle, arrector pili smooth muscle, sweat gland smooth muscle

25
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION

Restrictions, outflow and pairs of nerves

A
  • restricted to glands and viscera
  • craniosacral outflow
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves - 4 contain PS fibres
    CN III = oculomotor
    CN VII = facial
    CN IX = glossopharyngeal
    CN X = vagus
26
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Contains 75% of all ps fibres in the body - innervates thoracic and abdominal viscera
Pelvic nerves innervate urogenital and caudal abdominal viscera

27
Q

Parasympathetic supply to thoracic viscera

A

O; L and R vagal nucleus in brain stem
1OP; R and L vagus, L and R vagosympathetic trunks, cardiovagal nerves
2OP; synapse on/close to target organ - very short 2nd order neurones
Target; heart, bronchiole smooth muscle

  • r and l vagi continue along oesophagus where they split and reunite as dorsal and ventral vagi
  • dorsal and ventral vagi pass through diaphragm on oesophagus into abdominal cavity
28
Q

Parasympathetic supply to fore and midgut viscera

A

1OP; after passing through diaphragm on oeseophagus
- ventral vagus; supplies lesser curvature of stomach, liver and ventral pancreas
- dorsal vagus; supplies greater curvature of stomach and then continues to supply remainder of foregut as plexus on coeliac artery
- dorsal vagus continues to supply midgut as plexus on cranial mesenteric artery
2OP; synapse on/close to target organ - very short 2nd order neurones

29
Q

Parasympathetic supply to pelvic viscera

A

O; sacral segments 1 and 2
1OP; pelvic nerves to pelvic plexus
2OP; synapse on/close to target organ - very short 2nd order neurones
Target; rectum, anal canal, ureter, bladder, urethra, genitalia

30
Q

Parasympathetic supply to hindgut viscera

A

O; sacral segments 1 and 2
1OP; pelvic nerves to pelvic plexus then along gut wall to hind gut OR pelvic nerves, pelvic plexus, hypogastric nerve, plexus on caudal mesenteric a
2OP; synapse on/close to target organ - very short 2nd order neurones
Target; hindgut viscera

31
Q

Clinical conditions

A
  • surgical consideration
  • dysautonomia = neuropathy of ANS neurones, fatigue/depression, hypotension/hypertension, exercise intolerance, digestive problems, urinary problem, sweating
32
Q

Veterinary syndromes

A
  • grass sickness: clostridium butulinum
  • key Gaskell syndrome: autonomic ganglia degen = toxin, depression, regurgitation, constipation, dilated pupils, 3rd eyelid
  • horners syndrome: damage to sympathetic supply to head often unilateral, constricted pupil, protrusion of 3rd eyelid and droopy upper lid

VAP (27 decks)

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