joints

Question 1

what are the 6 different types of joint (diarthrosis)

Answer 1

hinge, ball and socket, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, planar

Question 2

whats an example of snap joint

Answer 2

horse elbow joint

Question 3

what is a snap joint

Answer 3

some hinge joints that at a high energy state in an intermediate position

Question 4

what is a synostosis

Answer 4

bone

Question 5

synchondrosis

Answer 5

cartillage

Question 6

symphysis

Answer 6

fibrocartillage

Question 7

syndesmosis

Answer 7

fibrous

Question 8

gomphosis

Answer 8

fibrous

Question 9

amphialthrosis

Answer 9

outdated term used for intervertebral joints which include one symphysis and two diarthroses

Question 10

what are diarthrosis

Answer 10

more mobile synovial joints with fluid and cartilage which can be subclassified by movement

Question 11

hinge

Answer 11

hock of equine or canine elbow

Question 12

pivot

Answer 12

cat radioulnar 1 axis

Question 13

saddle

Answer 13

interphalangeal 2axes

Question 14

ellipsoidal

Answer 14

antebrachiocarpal joint 2 axes

Question 15

ball and socket joint

Answer 15

hip, 3 axes

Question 16

planar

Answer 16

intercarpals/intertarsals

Question 17

what are the structure of the diarthrosis

Answer 17

synovial membrane is weak and floppy vs fibrous capsule which is thick and tough

Question 18

outline synovial membrane

Answer 18

glistening pink, many vessels and nerves, often incomplete, no basement membrane, synoviocytes type A (phagocytic) and type B (secretory) folded or tufted, often large pouches to allow movement

Question 19

outline synovial fluid

Answer 19

secreted by membrane, plasma ultrafiltrate and hyaluronate (long chain glycosaminoglycan), lubricative and nutritive

Question 20

what is the gross structure of articular cartilage

Answer 20

varies in fibrous content, 1mm in the dog, no vessels or nerves fed by diffusion

Question 21

what has the most articular cartilage

Answer 21

1 fluid 2 capsule 3 bone

Question 22

what are tangential fibres

Answer 22

arcade arrangement of collagen that are smooth and firmly anchored, perpendicular deeper

Question 23

describe the matrix mesh of articular cartilage

Answer 23

type 2 collagen resists tension, there is a hyaluronate mesh made of glycosaminoglycan, and proteoglycans which have a protein core and GAG side chains

Question 24

what is the function of the proteoglycans

Answer 24

retain water, resist compression, seep fluid into joint space

Question 25

microstructure of proteoglycans

Answer 25

protein core made of aggrecan, chondroitin sulfate gag, keratin sulfate gag and a linker protein.

Question 26

role of gags having a negative charge

Answer 26

1 repeal each other and attract water, 2 resist compression and weeps in/out of joint space, 3 lubricates joint and pumps nutrients/gases

Question 27

articular cartilage conditions

Answer 27

degeneration of collagen/hyaluronate/peptidoglycan meshes reduce joint function.

Question 28

how to treat articular cartilage conditions

Answer 28

supplement with chrondroitin and /or glucosamine (precursor of sugars in GAGs)

Question 29

what does enrofloxacin cause

Answer 29

abnormal development of articular cartilage

Question 30

what are capsule ligaments

Answer 30

fibrous capsule attaches to periosteum and is continuous with articular cartilage, supports joint and has much innervation

Question 31

what are discs

Answer 31

fibrocartilage ingrowths from capsule, if split into two parts they cause a disc (complete) e.g. jaw joints

Question 32

what are mensici

Answer 32

fibrocartilage ingrowths from capsule, incomplete e.g. in stifle, they allocate diff movements to diff compartments

Question 33

what is a labrum

Answer 33

fibrocartilaginous extension to joint surface e.g. hipsocket

Question 34

what is a fat pad

Answer 34

they lie between synovial membrane and capsule

Question 35

what is a bursae

Answer 35

small synovial spaces between bones and something else e.g. tendon or occasional muscles/ligaments or skin