bone and cartilage

Question 1

what is a eurypholus

Answer 1

bony fish

Question 2

what is a hybodus

Answer 2

cartilaginous fish

Question 3

what are the roles of periosteum

Answer 3

1 major role in bone formation 2 tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to it not directly to bone. 3 carries blood vessels and nerves 4 major role in bone repair post fracture

Question 4

what is the epiphysis

Answer 4

found at the end of a long bone after the diaphysis

Question 5

what is the diaphysis

Answer 5

shaft, cylindrical and narrow

Question 6

where is the endosteum found

Answer 6

lining marrow cavity

Question 7

what is the bone made up of

Answer 7

cancellous/spongy/trabeculae/with spicules

Question 8

how is a fracture created

Answer 8

mineral shears at 45degrees in compression, collagen snaps transversely in tension, torsion creates a helical fracture, bending causes compression and tension on opposite sides

Question 9

what is a mesenchyme cell

Answer 9

undifferentiated fetal connective tissue

Question 10

what are chrondoblasts and osteoblasts

Answer 10

active cells that can lay down membrane cartillage

Question 11

what are chrondocytes and osteocytes

Answer 11

resting in lacunae

Question 12

what are the functions of bone 9

Answer 12

1 struts, 2 levers 3 protects 4 elastic potential energy store 5 acoustic 6 display 7 combat 8 blood cell prod 9 mineral store

Question 13

describe the features of cartilage

Answer 13

firm extracellular chondrin matrix, sulfated mucopolysaccharide gel + network of type 2 (UNUSUAL) collagen fibres

Question 14

what is cartilage described as

Answer 14

reinforced concrete - gel resists tension and fibres resist compression

Question 15

what is cartilage laid down by

Answer 15

chrondoblasts

Question 16

where are resting chrondrocytes

Answer 16

in 2-4 cell colonies in lacunae, no nerves, rarely blood vessels, often surrounded by perichondrium

Question 17

types of cartilage

Answer 17

hyaline skeletal, elastic skeletal, fibrocartilage skeletal, articular and hyaline model precursor

Question 18

what is hyaline skeletal

Answer 18

simplest, may mineralise, found in upper respiratory tract, ventral ribs

Question 19

what is elastic skeletal

Answer 19

contains elastin fibres too as in the external ear, upper respiratory tract

Question 20

what fibrocartilage skeletal

Answer 20

alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and collage found in intervertebral discs, scuta, labra, menisci and discs

Question 21

what is articular cartillage

Answer 21

complex partly fibrous/ partly hyaline from

Question 22

what is hyaline model precursor

Answer 22

for bone development

Question 23

describe the structure of long bones

Answer 23

constantly remodelled, yielding many parallel cylinders called OSTEONS

Question 24

what is an osteon made up of

Answer 24

concentric cylinders of matrix interspersed with lacunae

Question 25

what does each lacunae contain

Answer 25

a resting osteocyte, they are stellate with radiating tiny canniculi permeating bone containing cytoplasmic processes

Question 26

each osteon is based around….

Answer 26

a haversian canal (osteoclast erosion). the cannal carries vessels and nerves and connects to the marrow cavity

Question 27

osteons are connected by

Answer 27

oblique volkmanns cannal

Question 28

what is the appearance of red marrow and air space

Answer 28

haemopoietic

Question 29

what is the appearance of yellow marrow and air space

Answer 29

adipose

Question 30

what is pneumatised marrow

Answer 30

full of air e.g. vulture metacarpus

Question 31

describe the osteoid matrix

Answer 31

1/3 organic type 1 collagen and 2/3 hydroxyapatite with adsorbed calcium carbonate

Question 32

what is the bone composition

Answer 32

varies from rigit but btrille to more flexible

Question 33

what did the bone evolve as (purpose)

Answer 33

phosphate store - unpredictable levels in the sea water e.g. decrease after algal blooms

Question 34

what are osteoclasts

Answer 34

myeloid blood cell derived, multinucleate up to 0.15mm, short lived > 10 days.

Question 35

what is bone formation/destruction controlled by

Answer 35

hormonally by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D

Question 36

how can location classify bone

Answer 36

axial and appendicular, cranial and post cranial

Question 37

how can morphology classify bone structure

Answer 37

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoids

Question 38

how can embryology classify bones

Answer 38

somatic = sclerotome and body wall. visceral. sesamoids.

Question 39

how can tissue of formation classify bones

Answer 39

endochondral e.g. long bones or membrane e.g. skull flat bones

Question 40

what are the long bones blood supply

Answer 40

periosteal aa, epiphyseal aa, metaphyseal aa

Question 41

what is membrane bone?

Answer 41

evolutionary distinct from fish, devolpmentally distinct due to forming in condensed sheets of fibrous tissue. cancellous bone + marrow sandwiched between two layers of compact bone and periosteum

Question 42

causes of fracture

Answer 42

external trauma (can occur anywhere) or internal mechanical overload trauma (specific)

Question 43

which fractures are more important

Answer 43

cortical more important than cancellous except vertebral compressions and implant stability

Question 44

which is stronger mineral or collagen

Answer 44

mineral is stronger in compression than collagen in extension

Question 45

how does bone exhibit anistrophy

Answer 45

stronger in direction parallel to osteons