evolution and domestication

Question 1

what is evolution

Answer 1

change in animal species and speciation over time. no mechanism implied

Question 2

how are animals classified

Answer 2

25 body plans based on cladistics

Question 3

what is a clade

Answer 3

only valid taxonomic group

Question 4

what does the clade contain

Answer 4

contains all the descendents of a single ancestral species

Question 5

what did jean baptise lamarck propose

Answer 5

1809 life experiences alter offspring characteristics

Question 6

what did charles darwin propose

Answer 6

there is variation in populations, these are inherited stably, natural selection occurs

Question 7

who proposed a theory at the same time as charles darwin

Answer 7

alfred wallace 1862

Question 8

how is the clade defined

Answer 8

by one or more shared, derived novel characteristics, inherited from that ancestral species

Question 9

what data is used for cladism

Answer 9

morphological or molecular characteristics (dna secrets)

Question 10

4 processes that contributed to domestication

Answer 10

1. major change in human lifestyle via agriculture 10,000-8,000BC. 2. occurred several times around the world. 3. importance of settlement, possessions, land ownership, inheritance and farming methods. 4. many species used to be scavengers and attracted by vermin

Question 11

5 criteria for domestication

Answer 11

1. flexible diet 2. rapid growth 3. breed in captivity 4. pleasant calm disposition 5. modifiable social hierarchy

Question 12

what is the 6 archaeological evidence for domestication

Answer 12

1 no local wild ancestors, 2 skewed sex and age distribution, 3 remains located near settlements, 4 husbandry related tools, 5 artisitc representations and 6 morphology

Question 13

morphology that gives evidence for domestication

Answer 13

1 smaller 2 richer colours 3 reduced weapony 4 shorter muzzle 5 shorter hair 6 fat deposits 7 smaller brain 8 smaller sense organs 9 neoteny

Question 14

when did dogs domesticate

Answer 14

15,000-10,000 BC

Question 15

where did dogs domesticate from

Answer 15

derive from eurasian indian and chinese wolves e.g. tundra wolf

Question 16

when did sheep domesticate

Answer 16

11,000-9,000 BC

Question 17

where did the sheep domesticate from

Answer 17

the mouflon in europe/middle east. gradual loss of guard hairs and horns, increase undercoat

Question 18

when did pigs domesticate

Answer 18

9,000bc

Question 19

where did pigs domesticate from

Answer 19

wild boar, Eurasia and domesticated in china. dramatic lengthening of body, shortening of limbs, increase in litter size

Question 20

when did goats domesticate

Answer 20

8,000BC

Question 21

where did goats domesticate from

Answer 21

bezoar, middle east - browser not grazer.

Question 22

when did cattle domesticate

Answer 22

8,000BC

Question 23

where did cattle domesticate from

Answer 23

european breeds descended from AUROCH cooler temperate habitat

Question 24

when did cats domesticate

Answer 24

8-3,000 BC

Question 25

where did cats domesticate from

Answer 25

african wild cat, dedicated carnivore

Question 26

when did chickens domesticate

Answer 26

6,000BC

Question 27

where did chickens domesticate from

Answer 27

Indian red junglefowl - probably in S.E. Asia

Question 28

when did donkeys and horses domesticate

Answer 28

5,000 and 4,000 BC

Question 29

where did the donkey descend from

Answer 29

wild ass - probably NE Africa. desert adapted less social

Question 30

where did the horse descend from

Answer 30

tarpan - ukraine inhabiting cold and extreme habitats