animal locomotion

Question 1

what can limbs do

Answer 1

1. support or propel or recover from a propulsive movement . 2. limbs undergo protraction and retraction phases of the stride

Question 2

what can individual joints do

Answer 2

1 flex to shorten limb, 2 extend to lengthen limb

Question 3

in the upper limb what are the extensor muscles

Answer 3

supportive, propulsive and larger

Question 4

describe the different gaits

Answer 4

1 sequence diagrams 2 roadkill diagrams 3 other systems

Question 5

name the different gaits used

Answer 5

usual walk, sequence walk, trot, canter, transverse gallop, rotating gallop, bound, half bound, pronk

Question 6

how do animals roll

Answer 6

can be powered or unpowered

Question 7

how do animals move with legs

Answer 7

bipedal, quadrupedal but not tetrapods as they are descendants of first vertebrae.

Question 8

how do animals move

Answer 8

rolling, slithering, with legs; support propulsion-recovery, protraction-retraction, flexion-extension

Question 9

name the 4bgs

Answer 9

usual walk, sequence walk, transverse gallop, rotating gallop

Question 10

name the 2bgs

Answer 10

trot, pace, bound

Question 11

name the 3bgs

Answer 11

canter, half bound,

Question 12

name the 1bg

Answer 12

pronk

Question 13

what animal shows bipedalism

Answer 13

short nosed flat faces dogs

Question 14

what is special about the tolt horses in iceland

Answer 14

4bg very smooth, no suspended phase, subtype of the rack/amble core gait used at many speeds

Question 15

how can cursorial specialisation be achieved 3

Answer 15

efficiency, increasing stride length, increasing stride frequency

Question 16

how does efficiency work 3

Answer 16

1 erect rather than sprawling stance 2 limb movement restricted to saggital plane by collateral ligaments and muscles, 3other systems e.g. in horse

Question 17

how does increasing stride length work 5

Answer 17

1 general lengthening of limbs, 2 switch from plantigrade > digitigrade > unguligrade. 3 mobile scapula 4 suspended phase or two. 5 sagittal plane spinal flexion increases the reach of the limbs

Question 18

how is a mobile scapula achieved 3

Answer 18

1 freed from trunk - only attached via synsarcosis which we call the truncobrachial junction. 2 lie into saggital plane on either side of laterally flattened thorax. 3 acts as a limb bone protracting and retracting the shoulder joint

Question 19

how is increased stride length achieved 2

Answer 19

1 levered muscles move limbs quickly in supported phase (foot on ground) inverted pendulum phase. 2 in the foot off ground phase the limb can be swung more quickly if the distal mass is low

Question 20

how is movement of inertia being low

Answer 20

loss of distal bones and digits, proximal bunching of muscles, flexion of all joints during protraction

Question 21

what does the non cursorial cat do 4

Answer 21

1 limb abduction away from the body 2 plantigrade with tail support 3 digit abduction 4 supination

Question 22

what is supination used for

Answer 22

1 used for fighting/prey/toys/show off. 2 big cat running. 3 climbing. 4 licking of hooves/paws or washing

Question 23

why is increasing stride length not used as much for cursorial specialisation

Answer 23

1 more difficult 2 very inefficient to increase movement above natural resonant freq.