body wall

Question 1

external abdominal oblique

Answer 1

most superficial, fibres run dorso cranially to ventro caudally

Question 2

internal abdominal oblique

Answer 2

fibres run dorsocaudally to ventro cranially

Question 3

transversus abdominis

Answer 3

deep layer running dorso lat to ventro medially

Question 4

rectus abdominis

Answer 4

ventral midline, runs in cranio caudal direction, forms six pack, adjacent to sternum and prepubic tendon

Question 5

what composes the abdominal cavity

Answer 5

diaphragm, sternum, caudal ribs, pelvis, lumbar vertebrae and fascia

Question 6

what are the abdominal muscles

Answer 6

form muscular bag containing viscera, 3 make up lateral wall and 3 concentric muscular cylinders. they are like aponeurosis as they insert on the linea alba

Question 7

Advantage of linea alba approach surgically

Answer 7

tendonous so has less blood supply than muscle, all muscles insert here so only have to cut through one structure

Question 8

what are peritoneal membranes

Answer 8

single cell thickness serous membranes, space between two membranes is a peritoneal cavity, gives a glistening shine

Question 9

what are peritoneal membranes derived from

Answer 9

lateral plate mesoderm,

Question 10

what do peritoneal membranes produce

Answer 10

peritoneal fluid which lubricates movement to reduce friction.

Question 11

what ar the two types of peritoneal membranes

Answer 11

parietal which lines abdominal cavity, and visceral which lines abdominal organs

Question 12

what is the paralumbar fossa

Answer 12

concave region between last rib, tubar coxae and transverse process of lumbar vertebrae giving incision site for standing surgery in cows

Question 13

what are epigastrics

Answer 13

caudal superficial epigastric vein = milk vein in cattle which increases blood pressure

Question 14

name the blood supply to the abdominal muscles

Answer 14

left phrenico abdominal a, left deep circumflex iliac a, left caudal epigastrics aa, left cranial epigastrics aa (deep and superficial).

Question 15

role of abdominal muscles

Answer 15

1 static-supportive, 2 dynamic movement e.g. spinal flexion when rectus abdominus contacts, respiratory forced expiration, coughing, defaecation ect

Question 16

equine abdominal wall

Answer 16

substantial aponeurosis, supportive role, well developed tunica flavia, clinical diagnosis - cleave line indicates respiratory problem, muscles hypertrophy produces step like appearance between muscle and aponeurosis in EAO

Question 17

what is tunica flavia

Answer 17

deep fascia elastic sheet covering EAO and its aponeurosis

Question 18

which muscle layer has an aponeurosis

Answer 18

EAO

Question 19

what is an L block

Answer 19

used for deading nerves running through T13 to L3, not as good as analgesia, more local is needed

Question 20

where do spinal nerves exit

Answer 20

they come out between lumbar vertebrae transverse processes

Question 21

what is paravertebral anesthesia

Answer 21

local anaesthetic introduced around area of nerve root, needle inserted 5cm from midline between transverse processes

Question 22

what nerves are deaded for general labrarotomy procedures

Answer 22

t13,l1 and l2

Question 23

what nerves are deaded for caesarian

Answer 23

l1,2,3

Question 24

what are the passageways through the abdominal wall

Answer 24

femoral canal and inguinal cavity

Question 25

what do the passageways allow

Answer 25

passage of structures to or from the abdominal cavity to more superficial sites,

Question 26

what runs through the femoral canal

Answer 26

psoas major muscle, femoral artery, vein and nerve. there is also the inguinal ligament

Question 27

inguinal ligament

Answer 27

thickened caudal border of EAO

Question 28

where is the femoral canal

Answer 28

border of EAO muscle, not covered by the muscle, runs infront of the pelvis by the ileum

Question 29

what structures pass through the inguinal canal

Answer 29

genitofemoral nerve, external pudenal artery and vein, caudal superficial epigastric artery and vein

Question 30

what is the course of the inguinal canal

Answer 30

deep inguinal ring=deep abdominal fasica at caudal border of TA, superficial inguinal ring=slit in aponeurosis of EAO. the inguinal canal lies between these two rings