muscle and tendon

Question 1

types of muscle

Answer 1

skeletal striated, cardiac striated, smooth muscle non striated

Question 2

what are intrinsic muscles

Answer 2

often pennate, strong, little range, lots of leverage

Question 3

what are extrinsic muscles

Answer 3

often strap since no leverage available

Question 4

name some muscles

Answer 4

strap, pennate, bipennate, oblique, spiral, diagastric, multi head, constrictor, dilator

Question 5

which muscles have great range of movements

Answer 5

strap

Question 6

which muscles have greatest force

Answer 6

pennate

Question 7

which has a lower range

Answer 7

bipennate

Question 8

what is a agonist

Answer 8

prime mover, concentrically active

Question 9

what is an antagonist

Answer 9

eccentrically active, less strong

Question 10

what are the features of antagonist

Answer 10

muscles cannot push, often action must be actively reversed, control of smooth muscle

Question 11

what is a synergist

Answer 11

prevents others being impaired

Question 12

features of synergist muscle

Answer 12

capsular by stabilising joint capsule or ligamentar by constraining movement

Question 13

what is monoarticular muscle

Answer 13

crosses over one joint only e.g. brachialis

Question 14

what is polyarticular muscle

Answer 14

crosses over two or more joints e.g. digit extensor

Question 15

what is the importance of skeletal muscle 4

Answer 15

1 posture and locomotion, 2 controlling body cavities and orifices, 3 venous and lymphatic return 4 food

Question 16

what is a fascicle

Answer 16

many muscle fibres

Question 17

what does one muscle fibre contain

Answer 17

1 multinucleate syncytinum which has many intracellular, longitudinal myofibrils each divided into repeating transverse sarcomeres

Question 18

what determines range of contraction

Answer 18

number of sarcomeres in series

Question 19

what determines force of contraction

Answer 19

number of myofibrils in parallel

Question 20

epimysium

Answer 20

connective tissue outside of muscle

Question 21

perimysium

Answer 21

connective tissue divides muscle into tube, surrounds a fasicle

Question 22

endomysium

Answer 22

further divides the tubes

Question 23

what are fascicle funnels

Answer 23

muscles contained in fixed volume enabling venous and lymphatic return, diverts semi sharp trauma if muscles are contracted to prevent injury

Question 24

what is torque

Answer 24

ability of a force to cause rotation of a mass about a pivot

Question 25

2 formulae for torque

Answer 25

t = force x perpendicular d from pivot or t = movement of inertia x angular acceleration

Question 26

what is torque measured in

Answer 26

newton metre

Question 27

the ability of a muscle to turn a limb around the pivot of the joint is dependent on 3 things...

Answer 27

1 the force it exerts 2 perpendicular distance 3 must be able to act against the weight or inertia of the limb

Question 28

what are tendons

Answer 28

strong fibrous continuation of the epi peri and endo mysia at the ends of the muscle, they are collagenous

Question 29

what are the two categories of tendons

Answer 29

funicular (chord) or aponeurotic (broad sheet like)

Question 30

what are the 3 main functions of tendons

Answer 30

1 direct muscular force (telegraph, focus, distribute). 2 store and release elastic energy. 3 absorb sudden force

Question 31

what are the 3 accessory sheath structures of tendons

Answer 31

1 areola fibrous tissue sleeve like peritendon. 2 synovial bursa fluid between bone and tendon. 3 synovial sheath fluid wraps around mesotendon

Question 32

what is the retinacula

Answer 32

ring like angular ligaments that decrease the perpendicular distance and decrease torque

Question 33

what is the scuta

Answer 33

fibrocartilage sheet, smooth resilient surface to shield underlying tissues

Question 34

what are sesamoid bones

Answer 34

form in tendons to prevent flattening from force of tendon, reduce friction from between bones

Question 35

do sesamoid bones increase or decrease torque

Answer 35

increase, they increase the perpendicular distance form the pivot