Lungs Flashcards
Name the two divisions of the bronchial tree
Upper - trachea and bronchi
Lower - bronchioles and alveoli
Describe the components of the upper bronchial tree
Trachea
Primary bronchus
Secondary lobar bronchi
Tertiary segmental bronchi
Further dichotomous branching until finally reach bronchioles: dozen in mammals
Branches of pulmonary artery and vein tend to follow bronchial branching
Describe components of lower bronchial tree
Pulmonary artery Bronchus (UBT) - has cartilage in walls Bronchiole (LBT) has no cartilage Terminal bronchiole followed by respiratory bronchiole and alveoli Capillaries
What is an acinus
Group of alveoli in the LBT
What is the general pattern of location of the LBT
Left hand side: primary bronchus, lobar bronchi both cranial and caudal
Right hand side: lobar bronchi cranial middle and caudal
Lobar branching in artiodactyl
Left: lobar bronchi cranial and caudal
Right: tracheal bronchus to R cranial lobe not present in other species, there is a middle and caudal lobe
Describe the general structure of the dog lobes
LEFT SIDE: 3 lobes apical cardiac and diaphragmatic
RIGHT: apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic and ACESSORY
PIG LOBES
LEFT: apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic
RIGHT: cranial apical lobe comes off the tracheal bronchus, cardiac, diaphragmatic, acessory
Cow lobes
Left: same as dog
Right: cranial part of cranial lobe, caudal part of cranial lobe, middle lobe, diaphragmatic, accessory
Horse lobes
Left: massive caudal diaphragmatic lobe (2 lobes)
Right: apical, diaphragmatic, accessory lobe (3 lobes)
What is a lobule
Bronchopulmonary segment = pulmonary bronchiole, its branches and vasculature surrounded by connective tissue septa
— CT SEPTA WELL DEVELOPED IN COW ND PIG GIVING DISTINCT SURFACE LOBULATION
Comparative species variation
Lobulation in pig and ox
Tracheal bronchus not present in carnivore and horse
What are the surface features of the left lateral dog lung
Dorsal border, costal surface near rib, ventral border, basal border,
Thoracic inlet between apex and first rib
Surface features of right dog lung medial view
Pulmonary ligament, hilus root of lung, aortic impression, oesophageal impression, cardiac notch, cardiac impression from the heart, mediastinum surface
Describe pleura membranes
Single cell thickness serous membranes that line thoracic cavity via parietal pleura and cover lung via visceral pleura
Derived by lateral plate mesoderm, potential space between 2 membranes is the pleural cavity/sac
Produce pleural fluid»_space;> pleural cavity, lubricates movement of lungs
What is pleurisy
Inflammation as lungs expand
What are the role of the parietal pleura
Lines the thoracic cavity
1 costal parietal
2 mediastinal parietal
3 diaphragmatic parietal
What are the mediastinum contents
Other thoracic contents squeezed between mediastinal pleura
Mediastinal contents
Aorta, azygous vein, oesophagus,trachea, heart, ventral:thymus, lymph nodes, phrenic nerve
What are the recesses
Costomediastinal recess between ventral border and line attachment
Costodiaphragmatic recess between basal border and line of attachment
How do the pleural recesses change
Lung increase in volume on inspiration, pleural cavities are more extensive than the lungs, provide recesses for the borders of the lungs to move into on inspiration
Costodiaphragmatic recess
Basal border of the lung moves into the region where the costal and diaphramatic pleura meet
Costomediastinal recess
Ventral border of the lung moves into region where the costal and mediastinal pleura meet
Pneumothorax
Air in pulmonary cavity, pleural fluid maintains a negative pressure, if air enters pleural cavity negative pressure is lost and lungs collapse
Porosity in mediastinum = uni or bilateral condition
Horse = fenestrated mediastinum
Pneumonia
Inflammation of lower tree, exudate cells in alveolar spaces, consolidation - where lung is severe affected in most respiratory active areas
Kennel cough
Tracheobronchitis
Viral/bacterial
Close proximity to other dogs (aerosols)
Seal like cough
Tracheal collapse
Incomplete formation or collapse of tracheal rings, toy mixture dogs often obese and Shetland ponies
Congenital or acquired
