Lungs

Question 1

Name the two divisions of the bronchial tree

Answer 1

Upper - trachea and bronchi

Lower - bronchioles and alveoli

Question 2

Describe the components of the upper bronchial tree

Answer 2

Trachea
Primary bronchus
Secondary lobar bronchi
Tertiary segmental bronchi
Further dichotomous branching until finally reach bronchioles: dozen in mammals
Branches of pulmonary artery and vein tend to follow bronchial branching

Question 3

Describe components of lower bronchial tree

Answer 3

Pulmonary artery
Bronchus (UBT) - has cartilage in walls 
Bronchiole (LBT) has no cartilage
Terminal bronchiole followed by respiratory bronchiole and alveoli
Capillaries

Question 4

What is an acinus

Answer 4

Group of alveoli in the LBT

Question 5

What is the general pattern of location of the LBT

Answer 5

Left hand side: primary bronchus, lobar bronchi both cranial and caudal
Right hand side: lobar bronchi cranial middle and caudal

Question 6

Lobar branching in artiodactyl

Answer 6

Left: lobar bronchi cranial and caudal
Right: tracheal bronchus to R cranial lobe not present in other species, there is a middle and caudal lobe

Question 7

Describe the general structure of the dog lobes

Answer 7

LEFT SIDE: 3 lobes apical cardiac and diaphragmatic

RIGHT: apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic and ACESSORY

Question 8

PIG LOBES

Answer 8

LEFT: apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic
RIGHT: cranial apical lobe comes off the tracheal bronchus, cardiac, diaphragmatic, acessory

Question 9

Cow lobes

Answer 9

Left: same as dog
Right: cranial part of cranial lobe, caudal part of cranial lobe, middle lobe, diaphragmatic, accessory

Question 10

Horse lobes

Answer 10

Left: massive caudal diaphragmatic lobe (2 lobes)
Right: apical, diaphragmatic, accessory lobe (3 lobes)

Question 11

What is a lobule

Answer 11

Bronchopulmonary segment = pulmonary bronchiole, its branches and vasculature surrounded by connective tissue septa
— CT SEPTA WELL DEVELOPED IN COW ND PIG GIVING DISTINCT SURFACE LOBULATION

Question 12

Comparative species variation

Answer 12

Lobulation in pig and ox

Tracheal bronchus not present in carnivore and horse

Question 13

What are the surface features of the left lateral dog lung

Answer 13

Dorsal border, costal surface near rib, ventral border, basal border,
Thoracic inlet between apex and first rib

Question 14

Surface features of right dog lung medial view

Answer 14

Pulmonary ligament, hilus root of lung, aortic impression, oesophageal impression, cardiac notch, cardiac impression from the heart, mediastinum surface

Question 15

Describe pleura membranes

Answer 15

Single cell thickness serous membranes that line thoracic cavity via parietal pleura and cover lung via visceral pleura
Derived by lateral plate mesoderm, potential space between 2 membranes is the pleural cavity/sac
Produce pleural fluid&raquo_space;> pleural cavity, lubricates movement of lungs

Question 16

What is pleurisy

Answer 16

Inflammation as lungs expand

Question 17

What are the role of the parietal pleura

Answer 17

Lines the thoracic cavity
1 costal parietal
2 mediastinal parietal
3 diaphragmatic parietal

Question 18

What are the mediastinum contents

Answer 18

Other thoracic contents squeezed between mediastinal pleura

Question 19

Mediastinal contents

Answer 19

Aorta, azygous vein, oesophagus,trachea, heart, ventral:thymus, lymph nodes, phrenic nerve

Question 20

What are the recesses

Answer 20

Costomediastinal recess between ventral border and line attachment
Costodiaphragmatic recess between basal border and line of attachment

Question 21

How do the pleural recesses change

Answer 21

Lung increase in volume on inspiration, pleural cavities are more extensive than the lungs, provide recesses for the borders of the lungs to move into on inspiration

Question 22

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 22

Basal border of the lung moves into the region where the costal and diaphramatic pleura meet

Question 23

Costomediastinal recess

Answer 23

Ventral border of the lung moves into region where the costal and mediastinal pleura meet

Question 24

Pneumothorax

Answer 24

Air in pulmonary cavity, pleural fluid maintains a negative pressure, if air enters pleural cavity negative pressure is lost and lungs collapse
Porosity in mediastinum = uni or bilateral condition
Horse = fenestrated mediastinum

Question 25

Pneumonia

Answer 25

Inflammation of lower tree, exudate cells in alveolar spaces, consolidation - where lung is severe affected in most respiratory active areas

Question 26

Kennel cough

Answer 26

Tracheobronchitis
Viral/bacterial
Close proximity to other dogs (aerosols)
Seal like cough

Question 27

Tracheal collapse

Answer 27

Incomplete formation or collapse of tracheal rings, toy mixture dogs often obese and Shetland ponies
Congenital or acquired