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115 Oral, Head And Neck Anatomy > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is anastomosis

A

Connecting channel between blood vessels (capillaries to venues)

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2
Q

What is an artery

A

Large vessels, arises from heart and carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

What is an arteriole

A

Smaller branch of an artery

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4
Q

What is the capillary

A

Smallest branch of an arteriole

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5
Q

What are capillary loops/net work

A

Supplies blood to a large tissue area

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6
Q

What is venous drainage

A

Anastomoses with lymphatic vessels to recover blood plasma

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7
Q

What is a vein

A

Large vessel that carries blood back to the heart

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8
Q

**What are valves

A

Found in the veins of the body; nearly absent in the head and neck region

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9
Q

What are Venules

A

Smaller veins, anastomose with capillary loops to drain large tissue areas

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10
Q

What is a venous sinus

A

Blood filled space between two layers of tissue

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11
Q

What is a Venous plexus

A

Large area network of blood vessels

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12
Q

What are atria

A

Receiving chambers (right and left)

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13
Q

What are ventricles

A

Pumping chambers (right and left)

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14
Q

Right atria

A

Receives deoxygenated blood via veins from the tissues and pumps it to the lungs

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15
Q

Left atria

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps at the tissues via the arteries

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16
Q

Two branches of the brachiocephalic artery

A

Right common carotid artery

Right subclavian artery

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17
Q

Branches of the aorta

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

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18
Q

Which is longer, the right or left brachiocephalic vein?

A

Left is horizontal and longer while the right is vertical and shorter

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19
Q

Branches to the superior vena cava

A

Brachiocephalic vein
Right and left internal jugular vein
Right and left external jugular vein
Right and left subclavian vein

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20
Q

Describe the common carotid arteries

A

Branchless, lateral to the larynx and trachea. End at upper border of the thyroid cartilage

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21
Q

Describe the carotid sinus

A

Swelling just before the common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries

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22
Q

What is contained in the carotid sheath. Where is it located

A

Located beneath the SCM and contains the internal and external credit artery, internal jugular vein, and the Vagus nerve

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23
Q

Carotid pulse

A

Most reliable and accessible. Palpable when peripheral arteries are not

Located at the level of the thyroid cartilage just medial to the anterior border of the SCM

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24
Q

What does the ophthalmic artery supply

A

The eye, orbit and lacrimal gland

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25
Q

Which artery supplies the internal cranial structures?

A

Internal carotid artery

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26
Q

The internal carotid artery supplies the internal cranial structures via which branches?

A

Ophthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery

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27
Q

What is the external carotid artery supply

A

Tissues of the head, neck, and oral cavities

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28
Q

What are the four branches grouped by location to the external carotid

A 
Anterior branches (superior thyroid, lingual, facial)
Medial branch (ascending pharyngeal)
Posterior branches (occipital, posterior auricular)
Terminal branches (superficial temporal, maxillary)
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29
Q

Where is the lingual artery located

A

At the level of the hyoid bone

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30
Q

What does the dorsal lingual artery supply?

A

Base and body of the tongue

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31
Q

What does the deep lingual artery supply

A

Apex of the tongue

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32
Q

What does the sub lingual artery supply

A

Mylohyoid muscle, sublingual salivary gland and mucosal tissue of the floor of the mouth

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33
Q

What does the supra highway to arteries supply

A

Suprahilar muscles (digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and stylohyoid)

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34
Q

Where is the facial artery located

A

Superior to the lingual artery and terminates at the medial canthus

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35
Q

Cervical branches of the facial artery

A

Ascending palatine
Glandular
Submental

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36
Q

Facial branches of the facial artery

A

Inferior labial
Superior labial
Angular/nasal

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37
Q

Where is the ascending pharyngeal artery located

A

Close to the origin of the external carotid artery

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38
Q

What are the branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery

A

Pharyngeal branch
Meningeal branch
Tonsillar branch

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39
Q

Where is the occipital artery located

A

Just superior and opposite to the facial artery, origin is closely related to the hypoglossal nerve

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40
Q

Branches of the occipital artery

A 
Muscular- Suprahyoid muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Auricular- scalp above ears
Meningeal- meninges tissue in the occipital region
Descending- Trapezius muscle
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41
Q

Where is the posterior auricular artery located

A

Superior to the occipital artery

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42
Q

Branches of the posterior auricular artery

A

Auricular- internal ear

Stylomastoid- mastoid air cells

43
Q

Where is the superficial temporal artery located

A

In the retro mandibular Fossa (runs superior/anterior to ear)

Pulse may be visible in the temporal region

44
Q

Branches of the superficial temporal artery

A

Transverse facial- carotid gland and duct, masseter muscle, TMJ and external ear
Middle temporal- Temporalis muscle
Frontal- scalp in the frontal regions
 parietal-Scalp in the parietal regions

45
Q

Where is the mandibular region of the maxillary artery located

A

Behind the neck of the mandible

46
Q

Five branches of the maxillary artery

A 
Deep auricular
Anterior Tympanic
Middle meningeal
Accessory meningeal
Inferior alveolar
47
Q

Inferior alveolar arteries

A

Supply the mandibular posterior teeth with buccal gingiva

Mylohyoid- Mylohyoid muscle and floor of mouth
Mental-Skin of chin and mucosa of lower lip
Incisive-mandibular anterior teeth with facial gingiva

48
Q

Where is the pterygoid region of the maxillary artery located? What are the four arterial branches?

A

In the infratemporal Fossa

Deep temporal
Pterygoid
Masseteric
Buccal

49
Q

Where is the pterygopalatine region of the maxillary artery located

A

Located in the pterygopalatine fossa

50
Q

For arterial branches of the pterygopalatine region

A

Posterior superior alveolar
Infraorbital
Descending Palatine
Sphenopalatine

51
Q

What does the posterior superior alveolar branch of the pterygopalatine region supply

A

Maxillary Molars and pre-molars

Dental and alveolar arteries

52
Q

What does the infraorbital branch of the pterygopalatine region supply

A

Palpebral- lower eyelids and lacrimal gland
External nasal- Side of nose
Labial- cheek and upper lip
Anterior superior alveolar- maxillary anterior teeth
Middle superior alveolar- maxillary preMolars

53
Q

What areas does the descending Palatine branch of the pterygopalatine region supply supply

A

The greater and lesser Palatine regions

Hard and soft palate, palatine tonsils, palatal gingiva and minor salivary gland‘s

54
Q

What does the sphenopalatine branch of the pterygopalatine region supply

A

Posterior lateral nasal- mucosa of lateral nasal walls and sphenoid sinuses
Septal- nasal septum to the incisive foramen
Nasopalatine- Anterior 1/3 of the hard palate

55
Q

General characteristics of Venous drainage of the head and neck

A

Forms in the opposite direction of arterial supply. Begins as a venule and in large on the way back to the heart

Usually symmetric but may vary and anastomose freely

Veins are generally larger and more numerous

56
Q

**Do veins have valves?

A

Do not have valves except for the external jugular vein

57
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain?

A

The brain and most of the other tissues of the head and neck

58
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain

A

Only a small portion of the extra cranial tissues

59
Q

Where does the facial vein anastomose?

A

Cavernous venous sinus
Pterygoid plexus in infratemporal Fossa
Retro mandibular vein

Joins in drains into the internal jugular vein. No valves to control the direction of venous blood flow

60
Q

Venous tributariess of the facial vein

A

Supratrochlear- drains anterior scalp
Supraorbital- drains upper portion of orbital cavity
Ophthalmic- drains tissues of the orbit
Superior labial- drains upper lip
Inferior labial- drains lower lip
Submental- Drains tissues of chin and submandibular region

61
Q

What is the origin of the lingual vein?

A

Origin may be from either the facial vein or internal jugular vein

62
Q

What does the dorsal lingual vein drain

A

Drains the dorsal surface of the tongue

63
Q

What does the deep lingual vein drain

A

Drains the ventral surface of the tongue

Highly visible

64
Q

What does the sublingual vein drain

A

Drains the floor of the mouth, located under the sub lingual folds

May be visible

65
Q

General characteristics of the retro mandibular vein

A

Formed by merger of superficial temporal and maxillary vein

Emerges from the parotid salivary gland and divides into the anterior and posterior divisions

66
Q

What does the posterior division of the retro mandibular vein become when it joins the posterior a regular and occipital vein?

A

The external jugular vein

67
Q

What does the superficial temporal vein drain

A

Lateral scalp into the retro mandibular vein

68
Q

Maxillary vein

A

Begins in the infratemporal Fossa, deeper to the superficial temporal vein

Joins in collects blood through the pterygoid plexus

69
Q

What is a plexus

A

Small collection of anastomosing vessels

70
Q

General characteristics of the pterygoid plexus

A

Located around the pterygoid muscles and surrounds the maxillary artery, bilaterally the infratemporal Fossae

71
Q

What does the pterygoid plexus of veins anastomose with

A

Facial vein, maxillary vein and Cavernous venous sinus

72
Q

**What does the pterygoid plexus of veins protect and how

A

Protects the maxillary artery from being compressed, by accommodating changes in blood volume of the infratemporal faucet during mastication by either filling or emptying

73
Q

Location of the venous sinuses

A

Located in the meninges of the brain within the Dura matter of the brain also known as Dural sinuses

74
Q

What is the function of the venous sinuses

A

Drains blood from the cerebral veins into the internal jugular vein

75
Q

What is the largest Venous sinus

A

Superior sagittal sinus. Drains upper portion of cerebrum

76
Q

Transverse sinus

A

Divides the superior, inferior and Cavernous sinuses

77
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus

A

Drains inferior portion of the cerebrum

78
Q

**What is the most important Sinus to dentistry? Where is it located and what does it anastomose with?

A

Cavernous venous sinus

Located bilaterally on the side of the sphenoid bone. Anastomoses with the pterygoid plexus and ophthalmic vein

79
Q

Sigmoid sinus

A

Connects all the Venous sinuses to the internal jugular vein

80
Q

**Venous drainage

A

**Deoxygenated blood exits the skull via the internal jugular vein through the jugular foramen

81
Q

**What does the internal jugular vein drain?

A

Drains most of the tissues of head and neck region.

No valves, cannot prevent backflow

82
Q

**Where does the internal jugular vein originate?

A

Originates in the cranial cavity and leaves the skull through the jugular foramen

83
Q

**What are the mini tributary is received by the internal jugular vein

A

Lingual, facial, and retro mandibular veins

84
Q

**What does the internal jugular vein merge with as it descends into the neck?

A

Subclavian vein

85
Q

What is the external jugular vein formed from

A

Formed from the posterior division of the retro mandibular vein

Descends down the neck, terminating in the subclavian vein

86
Q

**What is the only head and neck vein that has valves?

A

External jugular vein

Located near its entry into the subclavian vein

87
Q

Where does the superior vena cava lead to

A

Travels to the right side of the heart

88
Q

Etiology of blood vessel lesions

A

Patients with blood vessel disease and/or dental related infections have a higher risk for developing blood vessel lesions

89
Q

Systemic diseases which increased risk for developing blood vessel lesions

A

High blood pressure, arterial sclerosis, high cholesterol, diabetes

Dental related infection (Periapical abscess and periodontal infections) and dental related trauma

90
Q

What is a thrombus

A

Clot that forms on the inner wall of a blood vessel

91
Q

What is an embolus

A

Dislodged thrombus/clot, free to travel as foreign material in the blood

92
Q

What is a stroke

A

Full vascular occlusion

93
Q

What is a heart attack

A

Myocardial infarction

Full occlusion of a cardiac artery

94
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism

A

Larges in the lungs, causing the shortness of breath, coughing, excessive sweating, just pain and possible arrhythmia

95
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack

A

Temporary interference with blood supply to the brain

96
Q

What is bacteremia

A

Bacteria introduced into the circulatory system and that travels in the blood, transient bacteremia can occur with dental treatment and is very serious and certain medically compromised patients

Heart valve damage, mitral valve prolapse, joint replacements, shunts and stents

97
Q

Infected thrombus

A

Spreads infection by way of embolus formation to such areas as the Cavernous Venous sinus

98
Q

Infected needle tract

A

Bacteria introduced deep into the soft tissues.

Posterior superior alveolar block: incorrectly administered may involve the pterygoid plexus which may lead to infection of the cavernous venous sinus

99
Q

Dental infections

A

From Maxillary Teeth or periodontium, which may spread to cavernous Venous Sinus or from the mandibular Teeth and periodontium which may spread to the tongue closing the airway/laryngopharynx

100
Q

Common developmental anomalies

A

Mitral valve prolapse

Varicose veins

101
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

Bicuspid heart valve, a cusp or cusps of the mitral valve prolapses into left atrium during systole; patient of risk for endocarditis require antibiotics prior to dental work or certain surgeries

102
Q

Varicose veins

A

Enlarged, twisted superficial veins; occur almost anywhere in the body

Floor of the mouth
Ventral surface of the tongue
Labial mucosa

103
Q

What would cause a large dental hematoma? How can it be prevented?

A

Caused by accidentally injecting local anesthesia into a blood vessel

Prevented by aspirating prior to injecting local anesthesia, which prevent most serious hematoma‘s

Use a 27 gauge or larger needle to permit aspiration of a red blood cell

104
Q

Injections at highest risk of large dental hematoma

A

Inferior alveolar block
Posterior superior alveolar block
Infraorbital block

115 Oral, Head And Neck Anatomy (25 decks)

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