Lymphatic Tissue Flashcards
Lymphatics of the central nervous system
Found in the brain meninges, only lymphatic vessels no lymph nodes
Composition of lymph fluid
Colorless liquid similar to blood plasma
Rich in plasma proteins
Transports absorbable fat collected from the small intestines
Contains a large number of white blood cells that detoxify bacteria
- May transport infectious substances and cancer cells
Lymphatic capillaries
Same, blind ended endothelial tubes
Collect fluid from tissue spaces
Recovers plasma proteins and recirculates them
No valves
Lymphatic vessels
Returns tissue fluid from tissue spaces via venous blood circulation
Lymphatic capillaries converge into the larger lymphatic vessels
Have valves
Major lymphatic vessels of the head and neck region
Right jugular trunk
Left jugular trunk
Right jugular trunk
Drains length from the right side of the head and neck, directly into the right subclavian vein
Left jugular trunk
Drains length from the left side of the head and neck into the thoracic duct
Lymphatic ducts
Empties the collected tissue fluids into venous circulation
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic vessels of the upper right quadrant of the body converge here
Joins the venous system at the junction of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
Thoracic duct
Lymphatic vessels of the remaining three quadrant of the body converge here
Joins the venous system at the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins
Lymph Nodes
Produce lymphocytes and introduces them into the lymph fluid
Entrap bacteria and detoxifies them
Afferent vessels carry lymph TO the node
Efferent Vessels carry lymph AWAY from the node
Hilus
Depression on lymph nodes, found close to efferent side
Lymphatic flow
Flow depends on compression of vessels by means of muscle contraction and differential pressure
Valves ensure one way flow
Types of nodes
Primary
Secondary
Superficial
Deep
Primary Lymph Nodes
Drains lymph fluid from a particular region
Secondary Lymph Nodes
Drains lymph from the primary nodes
Superficial Lymph Nodes
Distributed in the head and neck
Associated with arteries, veins and muscle fascia
Deep lymph nodes
Found in the head and neck
Associated with connective tissue surrounding veins
Superficial lymph nodes of the head
Occipital Posterior auricular Anterior auricular Superficial parotid Facial
All empty into superior deep cervical nodes
Occipital lymph nodes
Located at the base of the occipital bone
Drain the occipital part of the scalp
Empty into superior deep cervical nodes
Posterior Auricular Lymph Nodes
Located posteriorly to the ear
Drain the external ear and adjacent regions of the scalp
Empty into superior deep cervical nodes
Anterior Auricular Nodes
Located anterior to the tragus
Drain the external ear and adjacent regions of the face
Empty into superior deep cervical nodes
Superficial parotid nodes
Located superficial to the parotid gland
Drains the external ear, lacrimal gland and adjacent regions of the face
Facial nodes (4 groups)
Located along the facial vein
- Infraorbital nodes : below the orbit
- Nasolabial nodes (nasolabial sulcus)
- Buccal nodes: labial commissures
- Mandibular nodes: superior to surface of mandible
Drains skin and mucous membranes of face
Empty into submandibular nudes and superior deep cervical nodes
Deep lymph nodes of the head
Deep parotid
Retropharyngeal
Neither can be palpated
Deep parotid nodes
Located deep in the parotid gland
Drains the middle ear, auditory tube and parotid gland
Empty into superior deep cervical nodes
Retropharyngeal nodes
Located inferior to the deep parotid
Drains the pallet, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx
Empty into superior deep cervical nodes
These frequently disappear by age 4 to 5
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
Submental Nodes
Submandibular Nodes
External jugular nodes
Interior jugular Nodes
Submental Nodes
Located on mylohyoid muscle at midline between mandibular synthesis and the hyoid bone
Drains the chin, lower lip, cheeks, mandibular incisor teeth and adjacent tissues. Floor of the mouth and tip of the tongue
Empty into submandibular Nodes and superior deep cervical Nodes
Submandibular lymph nodes
Along the inferior border of mandibular ramus on the submandibular gland
Drains the cheeks, upper lip, nose, gingival, anterior region of the hard palate, body of the tongue, all teeth and adjacent tissues except mandibular incisors and maxillary third molars
External jugular nodes (superficial cervical)
Along the external jugular vein over the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Drains the lower part of the ear and region of the parotid gland
Empty into the superior deep cervical nodes
Anterior jugular Nodes (anterior cervical)
Along the anterior jugular vein, lie just deep to the superficial cervical fascia in the lower levels of the neck
Drains the infrahyoid region of the neck
Empty into the inferior deep cervical nodes
What sub groups divide the deep cervical lymph nodes
Superior and inferior
Superior group above and inferior group at the point where the omohyoid muscle crosses the internal jugular vein
Superior deep cervical lymph nodes
Jugulodigastric/ tonsillar
Most prominent superior deep
Located just below the point where the digastric muscle cross is the internal jugular vein. Drains the tongue and palatine tonsil
All other superior deep cervical lymph nodes
Located along the internal jugular vein, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Drains the posterior nasal cavity, posterior hard palate, soft palate, base of the tongue, maxillary third molars and adjacent tissues, TMJ, esophagus, trachea and thyroid
Empty in to inferior deep cervical Nodes or directly into jugular trunk
Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid lymph node
Most prominent inferior deep
Located just above the Omohyyoid muscle at internal jugular vein
Drains the tip of the tongue and submental region
All other inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
Located along the internal jugular vein below the omohyoid muscle, continuous with superior deep cervical nodes
Drains superior deep cervical Nodes
Empty into the jugular trunk or thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
Accessory nodes
Located along the accessory nerve
Posterior extension of deep cervical lymph nodes chain
Drain the scalp and neck regions
Empty in to supraclavicular lymph nodes
Cannot palpate
Supraclavicular Nodes
Transverse cervical nodes
Located superiorly along the clavicle close to junction with sternum
Drains the subclavian cervical triangle
Empty into the jugular trunk or directly into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
Tonsil characteristics
Masses of lymphoid tissue that produce lymphocytes
Located in the oral cavity and pharynx
Drain into the superior deep cervical Nodes
Function to remove toxic products (infection receptors)
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Roof of pharynx
Tubal tonsils
Nasopharynx, posterior to the opening of the internal eustachian tube
Palatine tonsils
Tonsillar niche between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches (pillars)
Lingual tonsils
Route/base of tongue (dorsal surface)
Lymphadenopathy
Increase in size and change in consistency of the lymph tissues due to a disease process colon infection or cancer
Lymphocyte counts increase
Nodes Enlarge and become palpable
Tonsils become enlarged
Good or OK lymph node features when palpated
Firm, movable, tender
Bad lymph node features when palpated
Hard, attached or fixed, non-tender (cancer)
Enlarged tonsils
Sign of infection: may lead to airway obstruction
Cancer metastasis
Usually associated with carcinoma‘s from epithelial tissues
Tonsiloliths/ tonsil stones
Stones form when bacteria, dead tissue cells and mucus calcify in the tonsillar crypts
Repeated incidence of tonsillitis increases one risk for stone formation
Tonsils may have to be removed
