Vaccines/Antigens

Question 0

antigen characteristics

Answer 0

1. Foreignness
2. Large molecular size
3. Particulate
4. Complex structure (chemically complex)

Question 1

Antigen composition

Answer 1

Proteins & Polysaccharides

Occasionally lipids & nucleic acids

Question 2

Epitope

Answer 2

regions of antigen recognized by antibodies.

T-cells recognize flat epitopes

Question 3

Passive immunization

Answer 3

1. Deliver antibodies
2. Provide immunity
3. no memory –> short lived

Question 4

Active Immunization

Answer 4

1. Deliver antigens
2. Stimulates immune response
3. memory –> long-lived –> VACCINATION!

Question 5

Purposes of Vaccination

Answer 5

1. Prophylactic (hopeful prevention)

2. Therapeutic (treatment after)

Question 6

General Types of Vaccines

Answer 6

1. Live Infectious Replicating

2. Killed Inactivated Non-Infectious, Non-Replicating

Question 7

Infectious (Live Replicating) Vaccines

Answer 7

1. Attenuated Vaccine
2. Recombinant Vaccine

have sm. #s of live organisms that must replicate to reach immunizing dose. Replication sets up conditions needed for help T-cells activation.
ex: MLV

Question 8

Killed Inactivated Non-Infectious Non-Replicating Vaccines

Answer 8

1. Whole Agent
2. Subunit
3. Recombinant Vaccine

no live agents included. full dose of antigen needed to induce immune response.

Question 9

Attenuated Vaccine

Answer 9

Antigens: ALL
Viability: YES
Adjuvant: USUALLY NO

ex: MLV, Attenuated Bacterial

Question 10

Recombinant LIR Vaccine

Answer 10

Antigens: Deletion Mutant: All but 1, Vectored: 1 or 2
Viability: YES
Adjuvant: USUALLY NO

ex: Deletion Mutant, Vectored

Question 11

Whole Agent Vaccine

Answer 11

Antigens: ALL
Viability: NO
Adjuvant: VIRUS: yes, BACTERIA: maybe

ex: Inactivated Viral, Bacterin

Question 12

Subunit Vaccine

Answer 12

Antigens: 1
Viability: NO
Adjuvant: USUALLY

non-infectious vaccine w/ only certain antigens included.
ex: TOXOID

Question 13

Recombinant Vaccine (KINN)

Answer 13

Antigens: 1
Viability: NO
Adjuvant: YES

ex: Recombinant Ag = antigen produced by recombinant organisms

Question 14

Toxin

Answer 14

bacterial product

causes damage

BAD

Question 15

Toxoid

Answer 15

inactivated toxin. non-toxic, retains antigenicity

Active Immunization

GOOD

Question 16

Antitoxin

Answer 16

anti

Passive Immunization

GOOD

Question 17

Generalities about Infectious, Replicating vaccines

Answer 17

usually highly effective
potential for virulence
stability: Agent must be viable

Question 18

Generalities about Killed, Inactivated vaccines

Answer 18

Efficacy variable
Little potential for virulence.
Adjuvant may induce harm.
Good stability

Question 19

Vaccines are licensed by…

Answer 19

1. Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) in the…
2. Veterinary Services (VS) program in the..,
3. Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the…
4. USDA

Question 20

Evaluation of Vaccines

Answer 20

1. Safety
2. Potency
3. Purity
4. Efficacy

Question 21

Preventable Fraction

Answer 21

(% Unaffected Vaccinates - % Unaffected Controlls) / (% Affected Controls)

Question 22

To demonstrate license for vaccine, a company must…

Answer 22

complete the Vaccine-Challenge Experiment for each drug and for each possible outcome.

Question 23

Deletion Mutant Vaccines

Answer 23

infectious vaccines that strain was attenuated by deleting a virulence-contributing gene

Question 24

Vectored Vaccines

Answer 24

gene of infectious agent inserted onto genome of vector that causes infected cells to make antigen for agent.

vaccine ex: rabies, distemper,

Question 25

DNA (Plasmid) Vaccines

Answer 25

plasmids can be use alone.

plasmid taken into cells which synthesize antigen

Question 26

Live, Infectious Vaccine Characteristics

Answer 26

• Low initial [Ag]
• Replicates to high [Ag]
• no adjuvant added

Question 27

Live, Infectious Vaccine Efficacy

Answer 27

• may mimic natural infection
• may move to correct anatomic site
• expresses non-structural Ags (secreted)
• MHC Class I presentation likely
• likely to stimulate Tc Cells

Question 28

Live, Infectious Vaccine Safety

Answer 28

potential virulence in immunosuppressed, improper administration location, off-labeled species
potential to revert to virulent form
potential to recombine w/ co-infecting virus
potential to become contaminated

Question 29

Live, Infectious Vaccine Stability

Answer 29

improper anything may reduce viability of vaccine organisms & reduce efficacy

Question 30

Killed, Inactivated, Subunit vaccine Characteristics

Answer 30

• high [Ag] initially
• no replication
• adjuvant often added

Question 31

Killed, Inactivated Subunit Vaccine Efficacy

Answer 31

cannot mimic infection

limited to MHC Class I presentation

Question 32

Killed, Inactivated, Subunit Vaccine Safety

Answer 32

adjuvant may induce inflammation & worse

Question 33

Killed, Inactivated, Subunit Vaccine Stability

Answer 33

more antigenically stable

Question 34

Vaccine licensing requires…

Answer 34

1. efficacy
2. safety
3. potency
4. purity

Question 35

Vaccine Potency

Answer 35

how much agent or antigen is present in vaccine

Question 36

Vaccine Purity

Answer 36

absence of contaminating substances, esp. live virus in vaccine

Question 37

Vaccine Safety Assessment

Answer 37

1st in lab animals, then host species.

Question 38

Preventable Fraction

Answer 38

= 1- (% vaccinates affected/% controls affected)

Question 39

Possible label claims in order of level of protection

Answer 39

1. prevention of infection
2. prevention of disease
3. aid in disease prevention
4. aid in disease control
5. other claims

Question 40

Vaccine label needs to have…

Answer 40

duration of immunity, type of vaccine, etc.