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Immunology > Immunodeficiency > Flashcards

Immunodeficiency Flashcards

0
Q

immunocompromised

A

animals susceptible to infectious agents that often don’t cause disease in most animals

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1
Q

immunodeficiency

A

condition where immune system has been compromised to the extend that the animal becomes more susceptible to infection than most other members of its species

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2
Q

opportunistic pathogens/opportunists

A

don’t cause disease in healthy animals

may infect & cause disease in animals with impaired defenses (barrier functions, innate immunity, adaptive immunity)

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3
Q

Evidence for immunodeficiency (primary or secondary)

A
  • chronic or recurring infection
  • infections involving multiple body sites
  • infection by opportunistic pathogens
  • persistent lymphopenia or hypogammaglobulinemia
  • failure to respond to vaccine
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4
Q

lymphopenia

A

significantly lower than 1000 lymphocytes per microL of blood

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5
Q

Classification of Immunodeficiencies

A

primary

secondary

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6
Q

primary immunodeficiency

A

inherited or cogenital

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7
Q

secondary immunodeficiency

A

acquired immunodeficiencies

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8
Q

Components of Immune System affected by immunodeficiencies

A

Innate immunity & Adaptive Immunity (Humoral immune deficiencies, cell-mediated immune deficiencies, severe combined immunodeficiency)

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9
Q

Humoral Immune Deficiency

A

B cells and Immunoglobulins

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10
Q

Cell-Mediated Immune Deficiency

A

T cells

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11
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

A

BOTH T and B cells are deficient

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12
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency present

A

at birth

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13
Q

primary immunodeficiency normally due to

A

genetic mutations

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14
Q

primary immunodeficiency features

A
  • become apparent as maternal Abs decline
  • may occur in siblings (litters)
  • may affect a particular breed
  • QUITE RARE
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15
Q

Types of Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies

A
  • DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PKcs)

- common gamma-chain issue

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16
Q

DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PKcs)

A

SCID found in Arabian foals & related breeds (also in jack russell terriers)
-incomplete rearrangement of immunoglobulin & T-cell receptor genes =>no T or B cells

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17
Q

Common gamma-chain SCID

A

common for IL2, IL4,IL5,IL7,IL9,&IL15.

-critical failure probably b/c of defective signaling for IL7 which is needed for lymphocyte maturation

18
Q

Selective IgA Deficiency

A

relatively common in dogs

  • a relative not an absolute deficiency
  • IgA below normal range but NOT absent

reason why is unknown

19
Q

Immunosenescence

A

age-related alteration in immune system & its function

20
Q

Immunosenescence effects

A
  • fewer circulating CD4 & more CD8
  • predominantly memory cells, fewer naive lymphocytes (maybe decreased ability to respond to new Ags)
  • elevated IgA levels (serum & mucosal)
21
Q

Pharmacologic immunodeficiency

A

results from use of immunosupressive drugs to treat autoimmune disease or chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer

22
Q

Infectious immunodeficiencies

A

caused by certain infectious agents affecting:

  • certain classes of lymphocytes
  • lymphoctes or WBCs in general
  • damage to lymphoid tissues &/or bone marrow
23
Q

Stress as a secondary immunodeficiency

A

stress induces it by release of higher levels of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex.

an immune suppression

24
Q

Malnutrition

A

primarily affects T-cell function. particularly protein-calorie malnutrition

25
Q

Metabolic immunodeficiencies

A

endocrine disorders impair inflammatory responses & adaptive immune responses

26
Q

Splenectomy

A

impairs clearance of blood-borne pathogens by the mononuclear phagocyte system

27
Q

types of Secondary Immunodeficiencies

A

Immunosenescence, Pharmacologic, Infectious, Stress, Malnutrition, Metabolic, Splenectomy

28
Q

Innate Immunodeficiencies

A

Neutrophils
Complement (rare)
Barrier Functions

29
Q

Adaptive Immunodeficiencies

A

B cell, antibodies
T cell
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

30
Q

Minor & Selective Immunodeficiencies

A

less dramatic clinical presentation
may not be life-threatening
may influence susceptibility to a LIMITED range of opportunistic pathogens

31
Q

Assessment of Immune Function

A

Physical: Palpation, Biopsy
Tests of Humoral Immunity: Total Ig Measurement
Test of Cellular Immune Function

32
Q

Tests of Humoral Immunity: Total Ig Measurement

A

Serum Albumin & Globulin levels (Albumin:Globulin ratio)
Serum Electrophoresis
Direct Measurement of Immunoglobulin Concentration

33
Q

Test of Cellular Immune Function

A 
Total Lymphocyte Counts (from CBC)
Lymphocyte Subclass Counts: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD79
34
Q

Serum Albumin & Globulin levels (A:G ratio)

A

low A:G due to: low albumin levels or high globulin levels

high A:G likely due to low Ig levels

35
Q

Serum Electrophoresis

A

hypergammaglobulinemia: general increase in gamma-globulins due to chronic infectious disease

single spike in gamma-globulins due to: plasma cell tumor or some chronic infectious diseases

36
Q

Types of Direct Measurement of Ig Concentrations

A

Radial Immunodiffusion, ELISA,

37
Q

Radial Immunodiffusion

A

most accurate but slow direct measurement of [Ig]

38
Q

ELISA

A

semi-quantitative direct measure of [Ig].
fast
usually measures IgG

39
Q

Indirect Measures of testing for Humoral Immunity

A

sulfate (sulfite) precipitation, others based on species

40
Q

sulfate precipitation

A

sulfate ions precipitate globular proteins from serum

41
Q

Total Lymphocyte Counts (from CBC)

A

show low (lymphopenia) in some immunodeficient animals & in some infectious diseases

42
Q

Lymphocyte Subclass Counts

A

CD3, CD4, CD8, B Cell counts
-not validated as immunodeficiency test
-validated for lymphoma & leukemia typing
only available in few labs (usually cvms)

Immunology (19 decks)

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