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Immunology > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

0
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A
  • later, stronger, & more efficiently targeted response that eliminates organisms that survive the innate I.S.
  • enhances effectiveness of certain innate immune mechanisms
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1
Q

Innate Immune System

A
  • early response system that stops infection BEFORE significant replication & spead can occur
  • essential for development of adaptive I.S.
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2
Q

Common features of Innate & Adaptive I.S.

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Communication
  3. Killing/Elimination Mechansims
  4. Regulation
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3
Q

Recognition

A

mostly a function of receptors in cells of I.S.
BUT ALSO
some host proteins can recognize foreign substances

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4
Q

Communication

A

allows cells to coordinate effective killing/elimination of pathogens

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5
Q

chemical mediators (“mediators”)

A

signaling molecules

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6
Q

Killing/Elimination Mechanism

A

some cells can kill invading pathogens. they are specialized for intracellular or extracellular pathogens.

some pathogens are just eliminated from the body

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7
Q

Regulation

A

the I.S. turning itself off and modulating its response to infections so it’s not excessive

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8
Q

Differences b/n Innate & Adaptive I.S.

A

Defining difference: RECOGNITION

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9
Q

Innate I.S. recognizes…

A

PAMPs

DAMPs

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10
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

common features of pathogens

ex: LPS peptidoglycan, CpG motifs, etc

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11
Q

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

A

molecules released from dead or “stressed” cells or from breakdown of extracellular matrix

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12
Q

Adaptive I.S. recognizes…

A

specific sequences of proteins & polysaccharides (Antigens, Ags)

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13
Q

General Characteristic of all cells/molec. in I.S.

A

inactive until they become activated

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14
Q

How are I.S. cells activated?

A

by PAMPs or DAMPs binding to Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

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15
Q

Adaptive I.S. cells are activated by…

A

a unique Ag binding to the Ag receptor in the cell membrane

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16
Q

PRR locations

A
  1. Plasma Membrane

2. Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Cells of Innate Immunity

A
  1. Sentinel cells

2. Effector cells

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18
Q

Sentinel cells

A

Location: body surfaces
Have PRRs that recognize pathogens that enter body.
-release mediators to recruit & activate effector cells
-some can also be effectors

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19
Q

Effector cell types

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. Neutrophils
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20
Q

effector cells

A

any cell that produces an effect OR performs a function directly related to killing/eliminating pathogens

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21
Q

Phagocytes

A

-most important effector cells in innate immunity

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22
Q

Phagocyte’s functions

A
  1. Internalize pathogens

2. Kill pathogens

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23
Q

“Professional Phagocytes”

A

neutrophils & macrophages

24
Q

Macrophages come from…

A

blood monocytes

25
Q

Innate I.S. mediators recruit…

A

antimicrobial proteins and leukocytes to magnify the response to a pathogen.

26
Q

key process that Innate I.S. mediators regulate…

A

acute inflammation

27
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • release proteins that esp. damage the tegument (surface) of helmints
  • contain acidophilic granules
28
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

-recognize & kill host cells that are ‘stressed’ by infection w/ intracellular pathogens

29
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A
  • found in plasma, tissue fluids, & cytoplasmic cell structures
  • kill bacteria by forming pores in cell walls & membranes.
30
Q

complement proteins

A
  • found in plasma & tissue fluids
  • work as system
  • system forms mediators to start & enhance inflammation & protein complex which makes membrane pores in pathogen.
31
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

-local response to injury/infection

32
Q

effect of mediators in Innate I.S. (acute inflammation)

A
  1. increase blood vessels’ diameters
  2. allow plasma to leak into tissues
  3. activate leukocytes to escape from bloodstream to tissues
33
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • recognize antigens w/ their special receptors
  • almost all are part of Adaptive I.S.
  • each responds to a specific antigen
34
Q

Difference b/n PRRs & antigen receptors

A
  • PRRs: in many cell types. all the same. recognize same PAMP/DAMP regardless of cell that expresses it
  • Ag receptors: found only on lymphocytes. unique to each lymphocytes
35
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A
  1. B-cells

2. T-cells

36
Q

B-cells

A

-discovered in Cloacal Bursa of birds

37
Q

B-cell function

A

-produce antibodies (Abs)

38
Q

B-cell Ag receptor

A

plasma membrane version of antibody they secrete when activated

39
Q

T-cells

A

mature in Thymus

40
Q

T-cell Ag receptor

A
  • called a “T-cell receptor” (TCR)

- NEVER released from cell

41
Q

Alias of antibody

A

immunoglobulin

42
Q

Types of T-cells

A
  1. Helper T-cells (Th)
  2. Cytotxic cells (Tc)
  3. Regulatory cells (Treg)
43
Q

Helper T-cells’ function

A

coordinate immune response through signaling molecules

44
Q

Cytotoxic T cells’ function

A

kill other host cells that are infected w/ intracellular pathogens

45
Q

Regulatory T-cell’s function

A

regulates/impedes immune response

46
Q

Adaptive I.S. recognition

A

recognize antigen through binding of the antigen to the receptor

47
Q

B-cell recognition

A

recognize antigens just as their are (in solution or on the cell surface)

48
Q

T-cell recognition

A

ONLY recognize antigens that have been “processed” by another cell

49
Q

dendritic cell

A

sample antigens, internalize & process them, THEN present them in a form that T-cells can recognize.

50
Q

Antigen-Presenting cells

A

antigen processing cells

51
Q

“Signal 2” in adaptive response

A

sends a survival signal to lymphocyte.

come from cells activated by inflammatory mediators, PAMPs, DAMPs

52
Q

Signal 3 of adaptive immune response

A

determine which function activated lymphocytes differentiate into during proliferation

53
Q

memory cells

A

lymphocytes that don’t perform function

resting lymphocytes that persist for a long time

54
Q

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

A

where lymphocytes mature from progenitor cells into mature cells able to respond to an antigen

ex. bone marrow, thymus, cloacal bursa

55
Q

secondary lymphoid tissues

A

where fully mature lymphocytes respond to antigens

ex: spleen, lymph nodes

56
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • transferred by serum

- mediated by antibodies

57
Q

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

A
  • immunity transferrable by lymphocytes

- mediated by T-cells

Immunology (19 decks)

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