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Immunology > Response to Infectious Agents > Flashcards

Response to Infectious Agents Flashcards

0
Q

Sterilizing Immunity

A

immunity conferred by vaccination that prevents infection or colonization of pathogen on animal

highest degree of protection achievable by vaccine

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1
Q

Protective Immunity

A

immunity that protects an animal against infection &/or infectious disease.

not all immune responses are protective

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2
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • mediated by Abs
  • effective vs. extracellular phase of pathogens
  • better at inhibiting infection & reducing spread
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3
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)

A
  • mediated by T-cells
  • effective vs. intracellular phase (also extracellular when inside)
  • better at clearing infection.
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4
Q

Pathogens are exposed to ___ on adherence to epithelium the 1st time.

A

antimicrobial peptides, phagocytes, microbiota

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5
Q

Pathogens are exposed to ___ upon penetration of epithelium (local infection) the 1st time.

A

Antimicrobial peptides, phagocytes, complement

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6
Q

Pathogens are exposed to ___ in a local infection the 1st time.

A

inflammation

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7
Q

Pathogens are exposed to ___ during adaptive immunity the 1st time.

A

Humoral & Cell-mediated immunity

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8
Q

Pathogens are exposed to ___ on adherence to epithelium on subsequent exposures.

A

sIgA
antimicrobial peptides
phagocytes
microbiota

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9
Q

Pathogens are exposed to ___ upon penetration of epithelium on subsequent exposures.

A

IgG
Antimicrobial peptides
phagocytes
complement

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10
Q

Pathogens are exposed to ___ in local infection on subsequent exposures.

A

Inflammation
IgM, IgG
Th1, Th2, Th17, Tc

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11
Q

Sterilizing vaccines are really good at…

A

secreting lots of IgG for neutralization systemically.

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12
Q

Extracellular Protective Immunity

interstitial spaces, blood, lymph

A

complement, phagocytosis, antibodies

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13
Q

Extracellular Protective Immunity

epithelial surfaces

A

antimicrobial peptides, Abs (esp. IgA)

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14
Q

Intracellular Protective Immunity

cytoplasmic

A

NK cells, Cytotoxic T-cells

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15
Q

Intracellular Protective Immunity

vesicular

A

T cell & NK cell dependent macrophage activation

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16
Q

Mucosal Immunity involves

A

respiratory & intestinal systems

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17
Q

Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity cells

A

-ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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18
Q

Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity chemicals

A

lysozymes, defensins, surfactants

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19
Q

Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity specializations

A

mucociliary escalator

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20
Q

Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity phagocytes presented in:

A

lamina propria & alveolar macrophages

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21
Q

Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity cells

A

columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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22
Q

Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity chemicals

A

lysozymes, defensins, gastric acidity, bile enzymes

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23
Q

Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity specializations

A

peristalsis

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24
Q

Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity phagocytes present in:

A

lamina propria

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25
Q

Adaptive Mucosal Immunity - humoral

A

secretory IgA

26
Q

Adaptive Mucosal Immunity - cell-mediated

A

intraepithelial lymphocytes & lamina propria lymphocytes

27
Q

Extracellular pathogen Adaptive immunity type

A

humoral more important than cell-mediated

28
Q

Innate Immunity against extracellular pathogens

epithelial cleansing mechanisms

A

mucociliary elevator, intestinal peristalsis, flow of uring, tears & eyelashes, saliva, cough reflex

29
Q

Innate Immunity against extracellular pathogens

Antimicrobial Molecules

A

defensins, lysozymes: kill many pathogens
epidermal fatty acids: inhibit growth
Gastic acidity: inhibits growth

30
Q

Innate Immunity against extracellular pathogens

most important innate defense against them =

A

professional phagocytes

31
Q

Complement against Extracellular Pathogens

A

contributes some but its major role is helping with inflammation & opsonization

32
Q

Adaptive Immunity against Extracellular Pathogens uses:

A

secretory IgA, IgG, Th17 cells

33
Q

Secretory IgA against Extracellular pathogens

A

exclusion of pathogens at mucosal surfaces

34
Q

IgG against extracellular pathogens

A

opsonizing Abs are important for phagocytosis & maybe ADCC

35
Q

TH17 cells & extracellular pathogens

A

they recruit & activate neutrophils to combat extracellular pathogens

36
Q

Helminth’s important Ags

A

the ones secreted & captured by DCs in intestines

37
Q

larval form of helminths require

A

humoral immunity b/c they migrate through interstitial tissues

38
Q

Innate mechanisms for helminths

A

mast cells, histamine & other MC mediators, eosinophils, mucus/peristalsis

39
Q

Mast cell against helminths

A

release histamine when IgE binds helminth Ags

40
Q

Histamine & other MC mediators against helminths

A
  • induce local inflammation

- increase mucus secretion & peristalsis to expel adults

41
Q

Eosinophils against Helminths

A
  • recruited by chemokines from mast cells & Th2.
  • mediate ADCC (IgE, IgG)
  • granules contain antimicrobial substances that’re effective against helminths
42
Q

Mucus & Peristalsis against Helminths

A

create less hospitable environment. may induce detachment & expulsion of some

43
Q

Adaptive Mechanisms used with Helminths

A

IgE, IgG, Th2

44
Q

IgE + helminths

A

bind to Fce receptors on mast cells, activate mast cells when Ags bind.
mediate ADCC for eosinophils

45
Q

IgG + Helminths

A

mediates ADCC for eosinophils for migrating larva

46
Q

TH2 cells + helminths

A

promote IgE secretion by B cells

activate eosinophils to attack egg/larva

47
Q

most important defense agains intracellular pathogens

A

Cell-mediated immunity

48
Q

innate epithelial cleansing mechanisms + intracellular pathogens

A

mucociliary elevator, intestinal peristalsis, flow of urine, tears & eyelashes, saliva, cough reflex

49
Q

innate antimicrobial molecules + intracellular pathogens

A

defensins, lysozymes: kill many pathogens
epidermal fatty acids: inhibit growth
gastric acidity: inhibit growth

50
Q

innate macrophages + intracellular pathogens

A

pathogens can resist most killing mechanisms.

macrophages must be activated by IFN-gamma & make NO to kill them

51
Q

innate NK cells + intracellular pathogens

A

early source of INF-gamma. may kill infected cells

52
Q

Adaptive cells involved against intracellular pathogens

A

Th1, Tc

53
Q

Th1 cells + intracellular pathogens

A

release IFN-gamma & recruit fresh macrophages that are better prepared to kill

54
Q

Tc cells + intracellular pathogens

A
  • kill infected cells & release pathogen.

- pathogen binds to Abs & newly recruited, IFN-gamma primed macrophages ingest it.

55
Q

important immunity against viruses

A

humoral and cell-mediated

56
Q

Innate mechanisms against viruses

A

Interferons alpha, beta, omega

NK cells

57
Q

Adaptive mechanisms against viruses

A

secretory IgA, IgG, Tc cells

58
Q

Interferons alpha, beta, omega + viruses

A
  • released from infected wrt different stimuli.
  • IFN binds to receptors on adjacent cells
  • adjacent cells make new proteins that viral nucleic acids activate
  • antiviral IFN effects: degradation of viral mRNA & inhibit translation
  • increase MHC expression; activate DC, macrophages, NK cells
59
Q

NK cells + viruses

A

primary effect: kill infected cells

  • viruses make cells make stress proteins that activate NK cells & reduce MHC I expression which inhibits NK activation
  • NK cells release IFN-gamma which activates macrophages
60
Q

secretory IgA + viruses

A

sIgA neutralizes viruses at surface where they enter & inhibits establishment or spread of infection

61
Q

IgG + viruses

A

neutralizing IgG important SYSTEMICALLY

many vaccines done this way (ex: parvoviruses)

62
Q

Tc Cells + viruses

A

Tc kill infected cells & limit viral replication

main contribution = after establishment of viral infection b/c only act after cells are infected

63
Q

viral replication process

A
  1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Non-Structural Proteins made 5. Genome Replication 6. Structural Proteins made 7. Assembly 8. Release

Immunology (19 decks)

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