Vaccines

Question 1

What is cell mediated immunity?

Answer 1

T lymphocytes directly attack pathogen. Protects against bacterial, viral and fungal dz

Question 2

What is antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 2

B lymphocytes produce antibody to attack antigen

Question 3

How is active immunity activated?

Answer 3

When an animal receives an antigen that activates B and T lymphocytes

Question 4

How is passive immunity activated?

Answer 4

When animal receives antibodies from another animal

Question 5

What is a vaccine?

Answer 5

A suspension of weakened, live or killed microorganisms given to prevent, improve or treat an infectious dz

Question 6

What are inactivate(killed) vaccines?

Answer 6

Vaccines from microbes that have been chemically tz, heated or exposed to gamma radiation. Contain adjuvants.

Question 7

What are 4 types of adjuvants?

Answer 7

Depot, Particulate, Immunostimulatory, Mixed

Question 8

What do depot adjuvants do?

Answer 8

Protect antigens against rapid degradation

Question 9

What do Particulate adjuvants do?

Answer 9

Allow both cell-mediated and humoral immunity to be enhance

Question 10

What do immunostimulatory adjuvants do?

Answer 10

Promote cytokine production

Question 11

What do mixed adjuvants do?

Answer 11

Combine a particulate/depot with an immunostimulatory

Question 12

What is a toxoid vaccine? What kind of immunity does it give?

Answer 12

Vaccine used against a toxin that has been deactivated by heat or chemicals, but still triggers antibody production. Active immunity.

Question 13

What are live attenuated?

Answer 13

made from live microorganisms that may be fully virulent

Question 14

What is the name of process of losing virulence?

Answer 14

Attenuation

Question 15

What is a recombinant vaccine?

Answer 15

Gene or part of a microorganism is removed from one and inserted into another

Question 16

What are category 1 recombinant vaccines?

Answer 16

Antigens generated by gene cloning, ex. Lyme Dz, using Borrelia gene.

Question 17

What is a category 2 recombinant vaccine?

Answer 17

Genetically attenuated, meaning certain genes are deleted and rendered unable to replicate

Question 18

What is a category 3 recombinant vaccine?

Answer 18

live recombinant organisms, the 1st category 3 approved by the USDA: Newcastle dz vaccine for poultry.

Question 19

What is a polynucleotide vaccine?

Answer 19

DNA vaccine that injects DNA that encodes for foreign antigens into bacterial plasmids that act as vectors.

Question 20

What is an antitoxin? What kind of immunity does it give?

Answer 20

Substance that contains antibodies obtained from an animal that has been hypersensitized to neutralize toxins. Passive immunity.

Question 21

What is an example of an antitoxin vaccine?

Answer 21

Tetanus

Question 22

What is antiserum?

Answer 22

Similar to antitoxin except the antibodies are collected from the plasma

Question 23

What is an autogenous vaccine?

Answer 23

Vaccine produced for a specific dz in a specific area from a sick animal

Question 24

Name a vaccine reaction in cats

Answer 24

Vaccine associated sarcomas or FISS

Question 25

How should a vaccine be handled?

Answer 25

Unpackaged and refrigerated upon delivery. Frozen will cause cell death and overheated will be inactive. Vigorous shaking will inactivate proteins.
Ensure the proper care/handling, route of admin, dose and use (dont mix vaccines)

Question 26

What are some potential patient considerations with vaccines?

Answer 26

Age, freedom from dz, concurrent use of medication, pregnancy, environment

Question 27

What is antibody titer?

Answer 27

A serum test that reveals the level of antibody of a particular antigen. Expressed as a 1:2, 1:4, etc ratio.