GI Drugs Flashcards
What are antisialogues?
Drugs that stop salivation
Name 2 antisialogue drugs
Glycopyrrolate and Atropine
What are adverse effects of antisialogues?
Constipation, CNS stimulation, tachycardia, dry mucus membranes, urine retention and mydriasis
Which antisialogue is better in pregnant animals?
Glycopyrrolate
Which group of drugs are used to treat tenesmus and diarrhea?
Anticholinergics
Name 3 antidiarrhetics
Atropine, aminopentamide, propantheline
What is propantheline used fo?
In tablete, treats GI spasms and hyper secretion associated with colitis and IBS in dogs/cats, reduce rectal contractions in horses
What is Aminopentamide used for?
Acute abdominal spasm in dogs and cats
Which drug is used to treat spasmodic or flatulent colic or simple impactions in horses?
N-butylscopolammonium or Buscopan
What do protectants and absorbants do?
Coat inflamed intestinal mucosa or bunds bacteria, digestive enzymes or toxins to protect intestinal mucosa
Name 4 Protectant and absorbant drugs
Bismuth subsalicylate, Kaolin/Pectin, Activated charcoal and DTO smectite
What does bismuth subsalicylate do?
Bismuth portion coats intestinal mucosa and has anti inflammatory and weak antibacterial properties. The subsalicylate portion is anti inflammatory because it reduces prostaglandins. Is an aspirin product. Can blacken stool and cause opacities on radiographs
What does Kaolin/Pectin do?
Kaolin, a mineral and pectin, a polysaccharide, improves the appearance of feces but doesn’t reduce fluid loss from diarrhea.
What is activated charcoal used for?
Binds to toxins to prevent them from being absorbed into the intestines.
What does DTO smectite do?
A natural clay mineral used mainly in adult horses and foals to prevent postoperative diarrhea associated with colic or antibiotic induced colitis. In small animals has been used to treat endotoxemis, enteritis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, acute and chronic diarrhea, parvovirus and food allergies. Binds to and neutralizes toxins produced by Clostridium.
Which nonanesthetic opioids are used to reduce gut motility?
Diphenoxylate and Loperamide
What are adverse effects of Diphnoxylate and Loperamide?
CNS depression, excitement in cats and horses, ileus, urinary retention, bloat and constipation with prolonged use.
What drug is added to diphenoxylate to make it a class 5 drug?
Atropine
How might probiotics need to be stored?
Refrigeration
Which antibiotic drug is effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa such as Giardia?
Metronidazole
What’s the difference between laxatives and cathartics?
Cathartics are harsher laxatives that result in soft to watery stool and abdominal cramping
Name 4 categories of laxatives
Osmotic, stimulant, bulk forming and emollient
What products include osmotic laxatives?
Saline, lactulose and glycerin
What do osmotic laxatives do?
Pull water into the colon by osmosis, increasing water content in feces and which increases bulk and stimulates stretch receptors to promote peristalsis. May cause electrolyte imbalances.
What are adverse effects of osmotic laxatives?
Electrolyte imbalances, dehydration. Dont use in patients with heart failure and renal dysfunction.
What is lactulose used for?
Osmotic laxative and prevent/treat hepatic encephalopathy by reducing blood ammonia levels. It’s metabolized by the gut bacteria to lower molecular weight acids that draw water into the lumen of the bowel, causing a laxative effect.
Which enema is not recommended in cats and why?
Phosphate enemas, because they can cause life threatening hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemeia
Name 2 bulk forming prooducts
Psyllium and bran
What are bulk forking laxatives?
Poorly digestible fiber substances mainly from cereal grains, wheat bran, vegetables and psyllium. Animals should be well hydrated to minimize impaction risk.
What does the plantago or psyllium seed coating do?
Absorbs water and swells
Where’s the vomit center of the brain?
Brainstem
What causes vomiting?
Motion sickness, anesthetic drugs or drugs in general, gut irritation, inner ea disease
What are emollients?
Stool softeners, lubricants and fecal wetting agents.
What animals do not vomit?
Horse, rabbit, rat
What do we have to look out for with chronic vomiting?
Acid base imbalances, electrolyte imbalances, dehydration and esophageal burns
When shouldn’t phenothiazines be used to control vomiting?
In animals with abnormal GI motility because they promote ileus and worsen vomiting
What is an example of a Phenothiazine?
Acepromazine
Which antiemetic is both centrally acting and peripherally acting?
Metoclopramide
What are adverse effects of Metoclopramide?
Changes in mentation and behavior
Name 2 centrally acting emetics
Apomorphine and xylazine
Name a peripheral acting emetic
3% hydrogen peroxide
How does Maropitant work?
Inhibits activity of substance P (nuerokinin, NK1), which is the key neurotransmitter involved in vomiting. So it’s an NK1 receptor Antagonist that suppresses both centrally and peripherally induced vomiting in dogs and cats
What are adverse effects of Maropitant?
Pain at injection site, pretravel vomiting, hypersalivation and diarrhea
Name 3 serotonin receptor agonists that are antiemetics
Ondansetron, Dolasetron, Granisetron (-setron,)
What is not a reliable emetic in cats?
Hydrogen peroxide
What are adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide?
Hemorrhagic gastritis in cats, severe aspiration pneumonia
What do antacids do?
Promotes ulcer healing by neutralizing HCl and reducing pepsin activity. 2 types: systemic and local.
What antacid is used to treat rumen acidosis?
Magnesium hydroxide
Which antacid group blocks parietal cells in the stomach?
Histamine 2 receptor antagonists
Name a histamine 2 receptor antagonist
Cimetidine
What do proton pump inhibitors do?
Bind irreversibly to the proton pump on surface of parietal cells, inhibiting hydrogen ion transport which prevents HCl secretion.
Name a PPI drug
Omeprazole (-prazole)
What does sucralfate do?
Is a mucosal protector in the stomach, and treats esophagitis, gastric or duodenal ulcers and uremic gastritis. Dont give with drugs that increase gastric Ph because it only works in an acidic environment
What drug is given to patients to prevent gastric ulcers while taking NSAIDs?
Misoprostol
What is another word for antifoaming agent?
Surfactant
What is frothy bloat?
Aka pasture/legume bloat, a condition in which the rumen is distended with gas that mixes with fluid to form a froth that cannot be cleared by burping, as a result the rumen continues to expand as microbial fermentation produces more gas. It can become fatal when the rumen expands so much it prevents lungs from expanding
Name an antifoaming drug
Poloxalene
Name a cholinergic drug that is a pro kinetic agent
Neostigmine
Which drug controls vomiting by inhibiting dopamine in the CRTZ?
Acepromazine
Which emetic can be given in the conjunctiva?
Apomorphine
What drug is used to treat rumen atony?
Neostigmine
What do glucocorticoids do?
Stimulates steroid induced euphoria which in turn stimulates appetite. Prolonged use has catabolic effects bc skeletal muscles and collagen proteins are broken down for gluconeogenesis which has been increased, as well as insulin being antagonized and causing hyperglycemia
Name an enzyme supplement, what it’s for and what it contains
Pancrelipase, which has lipase, protease and amylase. It helps in digestion in those with EPI
What is another name for appetite stimulant drugs?
Orexigenic
Which tranquilizer drug can be used if an animal should not vomit?
Phenothiazine like Acepromazine
What anti diarrheal is commonly used in large animals?
DTO smectite
Name an emollient drug?
Docusate
Which drug is used after surgery to increase gastric motility?
Dexpanthenol
What appetite stimulant can be given to both cats and dogs?
Cyproheptadine
How often should sealants be reapplied to teeth?
Every 6 months
Which drug group is used to treat vomiting from motion sickness?
Antihistamines
Name 2 appetite dtimulants
Mirtazipine and Cyproheptadine
What is commonly given to animals to prevent excessive drooling during sedation/anesthesia?
Atropine
Xylazine should be used with extreme caution in which animals?
Camelids, sheep, cows and goats
