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Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerve sends impulses to the CNS?

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

Which nerves take away impulses from the CNS?

A

Axons

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3
Q

What group of drugs are barbiturates?

A

Anticonvulsants

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4
Q

Which barbiturate is safe for a patient with liver damage?

A

Potassium Bromide

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5
Q

What are the 3 opioid receptors?

A

Mu, Delta, and Kappa

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6
Q

Which opioid receptor causes pleasure and pain relief?

A

Mu

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7
Q

Which plant can opioids be made from?

A

Poppy

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8
Q

What are examples of opioid drugs?

A

Morphine, Codeine, Hydromorphone, Hydrocodone, Fentanyl, Oxymorphone

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9
Q

What are adverse effects of phenobarbital?

A

Hepatotoxicity, ataxia, drowsiness, respiratory depression, PU/PD, polyphagia.

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10
Q

Which Barbiturate is short acting, for toxin induced seizures?

A

Pentobarbital

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11
Q

What parts of the brain do opioids react on?

A

Brain stem, limbec system, spinal cord

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12
Q

What group of drugs are Benzodiazepines?

A

Tranquilizer/Depressor

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13
Q

What are examples of benzodiazepines?

A

“-lam”, “-pam”, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam

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14
Q

What are adverse effects of diazepam?

A

sedation, CNS excitement, weakness, incoordination, agitation, drooling, increased appetite

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15
Q

What are adverse effects of Midazolam?

A

Respiratory depression, ataxia, agitation in horses

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16
Q

How is Diazepam used in cats?

A

For seizure prophylaxis

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17
Q

What group of drugs are phenothiazines?

A

Tranquilizer

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18
Q

What is phenothiazine drug?

A

Acepromazine

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19
Q

How does Acepromazine work?

A

blocks dopaminergic receptors in CNS and A1 adrenergic receptors, is noncumulative

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20
Q

What are adverse effects of Acepromazine?

A

hypotension, paraphimosis in stallions, nictitating membrane protrusion

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21
Q

How do Benzodiazepines work? Which patients are they good for?

A

Increases GABA, but causes no analgesia. Is good for critically ill, geriatric and pediatric patients

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22
Q

What are GABA receptors?

A

main inhibitory receptors in the CNS. It reduces the activity of neurons it binds to.

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23
Q

What is the pain pathway in order?

A

Transduction, Transmission, Modulation, Perception

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24
Q

Which step in the pain pathway is blocked by painkillers?

A

Modulation

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25
Q

What do Alpha 1 Adrenergic receptors control?

A

Vasoconstriction, Increased peripheral resistance, Increased BP, Mydriasis, Increased closure of internal bladder/GI sphincter

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26
Q

What hormones do Alpha 2 Adrenergic receptors control?

A

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine, Insulin

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27
Q

What do Beta 1 Adrenergic receptors control?

A

Tachycardia, Lipolysis, Increased myocardial contractility, increased renin release

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28
Q

What do Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors control?

A

Vasodilation, Slightly decreased peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis, increased glucagon release, relaxed uterine muscle

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29
Q

What are cholinergic drugs?

A

Drugs that act on acetylcholine in the PNS

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30
Q

What are adrenergic drugs?

A

Drugs that act on catecholamines in the SNS

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31
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

SNS chemicals that come from the adrenal glands and the brain, including Nor/Epinephrine and Dopamine

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32
Q

How do cholinergics drugs effect the body?

A

(SLUDDE)Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, Diarrhea, Emesis

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33
Q

How do anticholinergic drugs effect the body?

A

Hot, Dry, Blind, Red, Mad

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34
Q

What are 3 Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist drugs?

A

Xylazine, Detomidine, Dexmeditomidine

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35
Q

What do Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist drugs do?

A

Inhibit NE, reduces brainstem vasomotor activation

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36
Q

How does Xylazine work and what is it for? When shouldn’t it be used?

A

Nonselective to A1&A2, used for short-term procedures, an emetic in cats and sedation in horses. Don’t use w/GI problems or head trauma.

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37
Q

What can Xylazine potentially cause?

A

Transient hyperglycemia and vomiting

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38
Q

How does Detomidine work,what is it for and what animal is it mainly used in?

A

Selective for A2, used for horses for sedation, analgesia (colic pain, foot abscesses, suture skin lacerations) & muscle relaxation

39
Q

Which drug has largely replaced Xylazine and what is it used for?

A

Dexmeditomidine, used as a preanesthetic for sedation, analgesic for minor surgery and dentals.

40
Q

What do Alpha 2 Adrenergic Antagonists do?

A

Reverse the effects of Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonists

41
Q

What are the Alpha 2 Adrenergic Antagonist drugs and what do they reverse?

A

Yohimbine, reverses xylazine. Atipamezole, reverses Dex, partly reverses Det.

42
Q

Which opioid is not for food producing animals?

43
Q

Why should codeine and hydrocodone not be used in cats?

A

Codeine and Hydrocodone are not pure, it contains Ace

44
Q

What are adverse effects of opioids?

A

Constipation, drowsiness, euphoria, nausea, confusion, bradypnea

45
Q

Name a partial mu agonist drug and how does it work?

A

Buprenorphine, only acts on some Mu receptors,, 30x more potent than morphine, has a ceiling effect and partiality makes reversal difficult

46
Q

Name a mixed agonist/antagonist opioid and what is it used for? Adverse effects?

A

Butorphenol, used for moderate analgesia, preanesthetic, causes less depression. May cause sedation and anorexia.

47
Q

What is an atypical opioid drug? What does it inhibit? What is it used for PO?

A

Tramadol, inhibits NE and serotonin, PO analgesic and antitussive

48
Q

Name a Pure Opioid Antagonist and what it’s used for

A

Naloxone, treats neonates to reverse respiratory depression from opioids given to the mother

49
Q

Name 2 local anesthetics

A

Lidocaine, Bupivicaine

50
Q

Name 2 General Dissociative anesthetics

A

Ketamine, Propofol

51
Q

What does Ketamine and Propofol do? Adverse effects?

A

Ketamine causes general anesthesia, catalepsy and apneustic breathing. Propofol stimulates GABA, is noncumulative, and in cats produces Heinz body anemia.

52
Q

Name a CNS stimulant and what it does

A

Doxapram, used in neonates to increase breathing or restore reflexes after surgery

53
Q

Name 2 Anticholinergics

A

Atropine and Glycopyrrolate

54
Q

What does Atropine do? Adverse effects? Which animals should it not be used in?

A

Antimuscarinic, preanesthetic to reduce bronchial secretions, antidote to organophosphate poisoning, Treatment of sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest, and incomplete AV block. Adverses: Anticholingeric, slowed GI motility. Not for horses or rabbits.

55
Q

What do Antimuscarinic drugs do?

A

Inhibit acetylcholine

56
Q

Name 2 nonselective adrenergic drugs?

A

Epi and NE

57
Q

What is epinephrine used to treat? Adverse effects?

A

Anaphylaxis, inhibits inflammatory response, cardiac resuscitation. May cause hypotension.

58
Q

What 2 cells cause inflammation during anaphylaxis?

A

Basophils and mast cells

59
Q

What is NE used for?

A

Improve BP, myocontractility, oxygen delivery to tissues, treats hypotension from sepsis/anesthesia, treats endotoxemia.

60
Q

Name 3 Selective Adrenergic drugs.

A

Isoproterenol, Dopamine, Dobutamine

61
Q

What does Isoproterenol do? What’s it for? Who shouldn’t it be used in?

A

Acts on B1&B2, increases HR, myocardial contraction, peripheral vasodilation, bronchodilation. Mainly for helping to breathe easier. Don’t use in hypotensive patients.

62
Q

What is dopamine for? What does it do?

A

Inotropic, effects B1 and A1 receptors, treats hypotension during anesthesia.

63
Q

What does dobutamine treat? What receptors does it mostly effect?

A

Treats heart failure in horses/lg animal. Beta 1.

64
Q

Name a beta blocker and what it treats

A

Propranolol, treats cardiac arrhythmias

65
Q

Which alpha 2 Adrenergic agonist drug is used mainly in horses for sedation and analgesia?

A

Detomidine

66
Q

What do muscarinic receptors stimulate?

A

Smooth muscles in the GI tract and slow heart rate

67
Q

Which benzodiazepine is more potent than diazepam but doesn’t last as long?

68
Q

What is a sedative that tends to be exclusively used in horses?

A

Guafenesin

69
Q

Which large animal is very sensitive to the effects of Xylazine?

70
Q

Cats receiving Diazepam should have which organ tested before administration?

71
Q

What are adverse cardio effects of Detomidine, and what can be given to alleviate them?

A

Initial rise in BP, then Bradycardia and heart block.

Atropine.

72
Q

Which drug cannot be mixed with other drugs except for ketamine?

73
Q

Why can’t diazepam be mixed with other drugs?

A

Diazepam is fat soluble and most other drugs are water soluble

74
Q

Which group of sedatives also provide some analgesia? What are examples of those drugs?

A

Alpha 2 Agonists

Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine, Detomidine, Romifidine

75
Q

Neuroleptoanalgesics consist of what 2 categories of drugs?

A

Sedatives and opioids

76
Q

Pure opioids can cause hyperthermia and hypothermia in which animals?

A

Hyperthermia in cats and hypothermia in dogs

77
Q

What can happen if you give a benzo for sedation alone, instead of as a combo during induction?

A

It can cause dysphoria and excitement

78
Q

What is the brand and drug name of the only FDA approved NSAID for cats?

A

Onsior, Robenicoxib

79
Q

What are the 3 main side effects of opioids in dogs if given other than IV?

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, salivation

80
Q

What drug makes a dog poop if given IV?

A

Hydromorphone

81
Q

Morphine and meperidine can cause what if given rapidly IV?

A

Facial swelling and hypertension due to histamine release

82
Q

Which anesthetic drug shouldn’t be used in head trauma?

83
Q

What opioid can be given to immediately cause vomiting in dogs?

A

Apomorphine

84
Q

What is the main induction drug for horses and what can it cause?

A

Ketamine, muscle rigidity

85
Q

What is the reversal for romifidine?

A

Tolazoline

86
Q

Alpha 2 antagonists should not be given with what other drugs?

A

Anticholinergics

87
Q

What is the only milky looking drug that can be given IV?

88
Q

What happens if you give Propofol too fast or too much?

89
Q

Ketamine inhibits what receptor that can treat wind up pain? How long does the analgesia last?

A

NMDA

Lasts about 30 minutes

90
Q

What is the reversal ratio for yohimbine to xylazine in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs 10:1 agonist:antagonist

Cats 2:1 agonist:Antagonist

91
Q

What is the reversal ratio for atipamezole to dexmeditomidine in dogs and cats?

A

In dogs 1:10 agonist:antagonist

In cats 1:6 agonist:antagonist

92
Q

What is the dose of naloxone to reverse opioids in dogs and cats?

A

In dogs and cats, 0.01-0.02 mg/kg IM or slow IV

93
Q

What do Alpha 2 Agonist receptors do?

A

Inhibits sympathetic activity and causes sedation

My Pharmacology (17 decks)

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