Nervous system Flashcards
Which nerve sends impulses to the CNS?
Dendrites
Which nerves take away impulses from the CNS?
Axons
What group of drugs are barbiturates?
Anticonvulsants
Which barbiturate is safe for a patient with liver damage?
Potassium Bromide
What are the 3 opioid receptors?
Mu, Delta, and Kappa
Which opioid receptor causes pleasure and pain relief?
Mu
Which plant can opioids be made from?
Poppy
What are examples of opioid drugs?
Morphine, Codeine, Hydromorphone, Hydrocodone, Fentanyl, Oxymorphone
What are adverse effects of phenobarbital?
Hepatotoxicity, ataxia, drowsiness, respiratory depression, PU/PD, polyphagia.
Which Barbiturate is short acting, for toxin induced seizures?
Pentobarbital
What parts of the brain do opioids react on?
Brain stem, limbec system, spinal cord
What group of drugs are Benzodiazepines?
Tranquilizer/Depressor
What are examples of benzodiazepines?
“-lam”, “-pam”, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam
What are adverse effects of diazepam?
sedation, CNS excitement, weakness, incoordination, agitation, drooling, increased appetite
What are adverse effects of Midazolam?
Respiratory depression, ataxia, agitation in horses
How is Diazepam used in cats?
For seizure prophylaxis
What group of drugs are phenothiazines?
Tranquilizer
What is phenothiazine drug?
Acepromazine
How does Acepromazine work?
blocks dopaminergic receptors in CNS and A1 adrenergic receptors, is noncumulative
What are adverse effects of Acepromazine?
hypotension, paraphimosis in stallions, nictitating membrane protrusion
How do Benzodiazepines work? Which patients are they good for?
Increases GABA, but causes no analgesia. Is good for critically ill, geriatric and pediatric patients
What are GABA receptors?
main inhibitory receptors in the CNS. It reduces the activity of neurons it binds to.
What is the pain pathway in order?
Transduction, Transmission, Modulation, Perception
Which step in the pain pathway is blocked by painkillers?
Modulation
What do Alpha 1 Adrenergic receptors control?
Vasoconstriction, Increased peripheral resistance, Increased BP, Mydriasis, Increased closure of internal bladder/GI sphincter
What hormones do Alpha 2 Adrenergic receptors control?
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine, Insulin
What do Beta 1 Adrenergic receptors control?
Tachycardia, Lipolysis, Increased myocardial contractility, increased renin release
What do Beta 2 Adrenergic receptors control?
Vasodilation, Slightly decreased peripheral resistance, bronchodilation, increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis, increased glucagon release, relaxed uterine muscle
What are cholinergic drugs?
Drugs that act on acetylcholine in the PNS
What are adrenergic drugs?
Drugs that act on catecholamines in the SNS
What are catecholamines?
SNS chemicals that come from the adrenal glands and the brain, including Nor/Epinephrine and Dopamine
How do cholinergics drugs effect the body?
(SLUDDE)Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, Diarrhea, Emesis
How do anticholinergic drugs effect the body?
Hot, Dry, Blind, Red, Mad
What are 3 Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist drugs?
Xylazine, Detomidine, Dexmeditomidine
What do Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist drugs do?
Inhibit NE, reduces brainstem vasomotor activation
How does Xylazine work and what is it for? When shouldn’t it be used?
Nonselective to A1&A2, used for short-term procedures, an emetic in cats and sedation in horses. Don’t use w/GI problems or head trauma.
What can Xylazine potentially cause?
Transient hyperglycemia and vomiting