Anti-Inflammatory/Pain Reducing Drugs Flashcards
What produces arachidonic acid?
The breakdown of phospholipids by phospholipase
SAIDS block what?
Action of phospholipase
NSAIDS block what?
Cyclooxygenase
What are 2 enzymes that cause inflammation?
Phospholipase and cyclooxygenase
What are 4 key points to know about Glucocorticoids?
Be careful giving to pregnant animals. Whenever possible use topical form to avoid systemic imbalances. Taper animals off to prevent iatrogenic Cushing’s. Do not use in animals with corneal ulcers.
Name 2 NSAIDS that come in both oral and injectable forms and are approved for use in cats?
Meloxicam and robenicoxib
What NSAID is commonly used for pain relief of lameness in horses?
Phenylbutazone
Which anti-inflammatory drug readily penetrates skin and must be handled cautiously?
DMSO
Which NSAID is commonly used in large animals and should not be used in small aninals?
Flunixin Meglumine
How do anti-inflammatory drugs work?
By inhibiting COX, an enzyme tha t promotes the formation of prostaglandin from arachidonic acid in the cell membrane.
COX-2 is involved more in the production of what?
Prostaglandins that promote inflammation
Which drug group is antipyretic and not immunosupressive?
NSAIDS
What are the most common adverse effects of NSAIDS?
Vomiting, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, bleeding, neurotoxicity from hypotensive conditions like dehydration, blood loss or prolonged anesthesia
What are the oldest anti-inflammatory agents?
Salicylates
What does aspirin do?
Works as a potent nonselective inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting COX 1&2. It is antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory and reduces platelet aggregation
What does COX1 do?
Produces prostaglandins that serve protective purpose in the body
Name a pyrazolone drug and its 3 properties?
Phenylbutazone, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
What is the most common adverse effect of Phenylbutazone?
Gastric ulcers
What are the propionic acid derivatives?
The -fen group of NSAIDS, Ibuprofen, Carprofen, Ketoprofen and Naproxen
What are signs of salicylate toxicity?
GI problems, respiratory problems, neurological problems,bleeding problems, kidney disease
Where are endogenous corticosteroids made?
Un the adrenal cortex
What are the 2 types of corticosteroids made by adrenal cortex?
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
What is are side effects of NSAIDs?
GI ulceration, bleeding, bone marrow suppression
What are indications for glucocorticoids?
Inflammatory conditions (musculoskeletal, ocular, pulmonary, IVDD), Neoplasia (lymphoma and MCT), allergic responses (asthma, atopic dermatitis), immune mediated diseases (IMHA, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, pemphigus, perianal fistula)
What are some adverse effects of Glucocorticoids?
PU/PD, delayed wound healing, immunity suppression, GI ulceration and bleeding, increased risk of corneal damage if already present, suppresses endogenous glucocorticoid production
Name 3 selective cox-2 inhibitors
Piroxocam, Meloxicam and Robenacoxib
What are adverse effects of proprionic acid drugs?
GI ulceration, vomiting, anorexia
Name the 3 drugs of the Coxib class
Deracoxib, Firocoxib, Robenacoxib
Which 2 group of drugs are selective COX-2 Inhibitors?
Coxib class and Oxicam group
Name a drug of the Oxicam group
Meloxicam
How is meloxicam used in dogs and cats?
In dogs, alleviates inflammation and pain from osteoarthritis. In cats, one time shot to control postop pain and inflammation.
It can be given PO, on mm, and inj.
What is Robenacoxib for?
Prevention of postop pain in dogs and cats at least 5.5 lbs and 4 months old
Why is only IV or oral recommended for horses taking Flunixin Meglumine?
Solution causes local tissue inflammation IM that may lead to tissue necrosis and clostridial myositis
What does Flunixin Meglumine inhibit?
COX
Which is the only NSAID labeled for beef and dairy cattle IV?
Flunixin Meglumine
What does DMSO cause?
Skin irritation and vasodilation
What does DMSO do? What does it treat?
Inactives superoxide radicals that produce inflammation
Reduces swelling topically, IV treats inflammation of CNS, intestines and laminitis, enhance skin penetration of other drugs
Name 2 NMDA Antagonists
Ketamine, Amantodine
What does NMDA do?
Promotes excitatory neuro transmission, producing response to painful stimuli and decreased response to opioid receptor agonists
Glycosaminoglycans are a polysaccharide group derivatives of what?
Glucosamine or galactosamine
H1 blockers are used to treat what?
Pruritus, motion sickness, some upper respiratory conditions.
Name an H1 blocker drug
Trimeprazine (Phenothiazine) with Temaril-,P.
What is immunomodulation?
Adjustment of the immune response to a desired level
Name an immunomodulation drug
Cyclosporine
How does cyclosporine work?
Suprreses T lymphocyte activity by inhibiting cytokine production. Also has anti-inflammatory and antipruretic
Where is cyclosporine contraindicated?
FelV and FIV
What are adverse effects of cyclosporine?
Risk of Neoplasia and vaccine reaction
What are signs of a Cushing’s disease?
PU/PD, lethargy, bilaterally symmetric alopecia, pendulous abdomen
What does the hypothalamus do when glucocorticoid levels rise?
Signals the anterior Pituitary to decrease ACTH
What disease is caused by suddenly stopping glucocorticoids?
Addison’s disease
Which form of glucocorticoids is safer to avoid systemic effects?
Topical
Name 2 short acting glucocorticoids
Cortisone and hydrocortisone
Name 2 Intermediate acting glucocorticoids
Prednisone and prednisolone
Name a long acting glucocorticoid
Dexamethasone
Which glucocorticoid shouldn’t be given to cats and why?
Prednisone, because it is converted to prednisolone in the liver, so cats and patients with liver disease shouldn’t take it
What is another name for NSAIDs
Prostaglandin inhibitors
What is Phenylbutazone used for?
In horses to treat laminitis, bone pain, athletic injuries
Which proprionic acid is used in horses and not dogs?
Naproxen
What is pyroxocam used for and its properties?
Adjunct treatment to urinary bladder transitional carcinoma, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic
What for does meloxicam come in and what does it treat?
Comes in spray or oral suspension. Alleviates pain and inflammation associated with arthritis. In cats approved for 1x SQ shot prior to sx to control post OP pain and inflammation
Name 2 NMDA receptor Antagonists
Ketamine and Amantadine
Name a nutraceutical that treats osteoarthritis
Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
What 2 NSAIDS are approved for cats?
Meloxicam and Robenicoxib
What are side effects of carprofen? Which organ eliminates it?
Mild v/d, anorexia, constipation, tiredness
Liver
