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Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antimicrobial?

A

Chemical substance that has the capacity to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

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2
Q

What color does gram positive stain?

A

Purple

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3
Q

What color does gram negative stain?

A

Red

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4
Q

What are the 3 antimicrobial strengths?

A

Resistant, Intermediate, Sensitive

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5
Q

Name 5 ways antibiotics work

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis, damages cell membrane, inhibits protein synthesis, interferes with cell metabolism, and impairs nucleic acid production

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6
Q

What is an antibiotic residue?

A

Presence of chemicals or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products

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7
Q

Penicillins target what part of bacteria?

A

Cell wall

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8
Q

Which group of antibiotics have a beta lactam ring?

A

Penicillins

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9
Q

Name 2 penicillin drugs

A

Amoxicillin, ampicillin

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10
Q

How is penicillin G given?

A

Parentally

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11
Q

How is penicillin V given?

A

Orally

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12
Q

What are adverse effects of penicillin in exotics?

A

Causes fatal diarrhea in Guinea pigs, rabbits and hamsters because it kills the beneficial Gram positive bacteria.

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13
Q

Which drug group has a beta lactam ring and is classified into 5 generations?

A

Cephalosporins

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14
Q

Name 3 cephalosporin drugs

A

Cefphalexin, cefazolin, cefadroxil

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15
Q

Which cephalosporin generation kills MRSA?

A

5th

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16
Q

Bacitracin and vancomycin target which part of the bacteria?

A

Cell wall

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17
Q

How is Bacitracin used?

A

Topically, and as a feed additive

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18
Q

What is vancomycin used for?

A

Resistant infections of gram positive bacteria

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19
Q

What are monobactams used for?

A

Treating gram negative bacteria and has good penetration into most tissues

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20
Q

How is Polymyxin B used?

A

As an ointment or wet dressing,narrow spectrum and kills gram positive bacteria

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21
Q

How do aminoglyocsides kill bacteria?

A

It inhibits protien synthesis

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22
Q

How are aminoglycosides used?

A

Against gram negative bacteria, broad spectrum

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23
Q

What are side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Neurotoxic and ototoxic

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24
Q

Name 3 aminoglycoside drugs

A

Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin

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25
Q

How do tetracyclines work?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

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26
Q

What are adverse effects of tetracyclines?

A

Dental discoloration, binds to calcium and deposits itself into bone. Dont use in growing animals

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27
Q

What is doxycycline used for?

A

Treat lyme disease, reduces periodontal pocket depth, increases reattachment and reduces gingivitis

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28
Q

Name a phenicol drug

A

Choramphenical

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29
Q

Which 2 drugs are banned in food animals?

A

Chloramphanicol and metronidazole

30
Q

Which drug causes aplastic anemia in humans?

A

Chloramphenicol

31
Q

What are macrolides for?

A

Treat penicillin resistant infections or in animals with an allergic reaction to penicillin

32
Q

Name a macrolide drug

A

Erythromycin

33
Q

Name a lincosomyde drug

A

Clindamycin

34
Q

How do sulfonamides kill bacteria?

A

Anti metabolite, inhibits folic acid synthesis,

35
Q

Name 2 sulfonamide drugs

A

Sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine (Albon)

36
Q

Name a fluoroquinolone drug

A

Enrofloxacin

37
Q

What are nitrofurans used for?

A

Treat wounds and UTIs

38
Q

Which protozoa does metronidazole kill?

39
Q

Metronidazole should be used in caution in which animals?

A

Pregnant animals

40
Q

What do polyene antifungal drugs do?

A

Bind to the fungus cell membrane

41
Q

Name 2 polyene antifungal drugs

A

Nystatin and Amphotericin B

42
Q

What is Nystatin used for?

A

Orally to treat candida albicans

43
Q

What is Amphotericin B used for? Adverse effects?

A

IV for systemic mycoses.

Extremely nephrotoxic

44
Q

How do imidazole antifungals work?

A

Causes leakage of fungal cell membrane

45
Q

Name 2 imidazole antifungal drugs

A

Ketoconazole and fluconazole

46
Q

What is ketoconazole used for?

A

Superficial fungal infections

47
Q

What is fluconazole used for?

A

Orally and IV for systemic infections

48
Q

Which antifungal drug group is flucytosine in?

A

Anti metabolic antifungal

49
Q

What is flucytosine used for? Who is it relatively toxic to?

A

Treats cryptococcus in cats, relatively toxic to dogs

50
Q

Which antifungal is used to treat dermatophyte infections?

A

Griseofulvin

51
Q

What is used to treat ringworm?

A

Lyme sulfur

52
Q

How do superficial antifungal drugs work and name 2

A

Disrupts fungal cell division

Griseofulvin and lyme sulfur

53
Q

Name 3 antiviral drugs

A

Acyclovir, Interferon, Amantadine

54
Q

What does acyclovir do?

A

Interferes with virus synthesis of DNA, treats ocular FHV

55
Q

What does interferon treat?

A

Ocular FHV and FeLV

56
Q

What does Amantadine treat and how?

A

Influenza A virus

Effects attachment of viruses to cell receptors

57
Q

What is asepsis?

A

Environment completely clean of microorganisms

58
Q

What is disinfection?

A

Using chemicals to reduce the number of microorganisms

59
Q

What do disinfectants do?

A

Inhibit the growth or kill microorganisms on living tissue

60
Q

How do Phenol disinfectants work?

A

Destroys selective permeability of cell membranes

61
Q

How do quaternary ammonium compounds work?

A

Concentrating at cell membrane and dissolving lipids in cell wall and membrane

62
Q

How do aldehydes work

A

Affects protein structure

63
Q

How do alcohols work?

A

Coagulating proteins and dissolving membrane lipids

64
Q

How do halogens work and name 2

A

Interferes with proteins and enzymes of microbe
Chlorine and iodine
Recommended by OSHA

65
Q

Name a Biguanide disinfectant

A

Chlorhexidine

66
Q

What is ethylene oxide for?

A

Chemical sterilization

67
Q

Name an oxidizing agent

A

Hydrogen peroxide

68
Q

What does hydrogen peroxide kill?

A

Anaerobic bacteria.

Its action is not affected by organic matter or hard water.

69
Q

Aminoglycosides are used to kill what kind of bacteria?

A

gram negative

70
Q

How are aminoglycosides usually given?

71
Q

Aminoglycosides have what kind of bactericidal activity?

A

Dose dependant

72
Q

What 2 antibiotics can cause esophageal strictures in cats in pill form?

A

Doxycycline and clindamycin

My Pharmacology (17 decks)

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