vaccine

Question 1

If a significant proportion of a population is vaccinated against a pathogen,
those who are not immune are indirectly protected from infection.

Answer 1

herd immunity

Question 2

measures the average number of secondary cases generated by one primary case in a susceptible population

Answer 2

Basic reproductive number, or Ro

Question 3

__________ is the most contagious of the vaccine-preventable infectious diseases
and requires 93-95% vaccine coverage for effective herd immunity.

Answer 3

Measles

Herd immunity for other vaccine-preventable infectious diseases typically require
80-86% vaccine coverage.

Question 4

passive natural immunity

Answer 4

maternal IgG passed in placenta or IgA passed in milk

Question 5

active natural immunity

Answer 5

infection with pathogen

Question 6

passive artificial immunity

Answer 6

injection of pre-formed Abs

Question 7

active artificial immunity

Answer 7

immunization

Question 8

live, attenuated vaccines

Answer 8

weakened form of wild-type virus or bacteria where there is a strong innate response leading to robust adaptive response

Question 9

disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 9

Immunodeficient individuals may not be able to contain the weakened pathogen.

Safety concerns if given during pregnancy 

Possibility of genetic reversion to wild-type

Question 10

designed to immunize

against two or more strains of the same microorganism.

Answer 10

multivalent or polyvalent vaccine

Question 11

Virus-like particle vaccines have no nucleic acid and are non-infectious

Answer 11

yep

Question 12

Limitations of Polysaccharide Vaccines (thymus-independent

Answer 12

Poor responses under children under 2-years of age

Minimal impact on mucosal colonization – therefore lack of herd immunity

Question 13

Conjugate vaccine is thymine independent or dependent?

Answer 13

dependent

Question 14

A substance that, when administered with an antigen (vaccine),
increases its immunogenicity.

Answer 14

adjuvant

Question 15

Adjuvants provoke local acute
inflammation (innate immune response), recruiting inflammatory cells
to the site and

Answer 15

triggering the maturation of dendritic cells.

Question 16

Immature dendritic cells (DCs) recognize the presence of microbes via Pattern Recognition Receptors such as ________.

Mature (activated) DCs express co-stimulatory molecules (such as B7) and migrate to local lymph nodes to activate ___________).

Answer 16

Immature dendritic cells (DCs) recognize the presence of microbes via Pattern Recognition Receptors such as TLRs.

Mature (activated) DCs express co-stimulatory molecules (such as B7) and migrate to local lymph nodes to activate T cells).

Question 17

IMMUNOSENESCENCE

Answer 17

immune response is diminished in older populations.