phagocytosis

Question 1

pathogen toolbox to keep phagocytosis in check (3)

Answer 1

1. kill phagocytes
2. block or avoid phagocyte attack
3. grow in phagocytes

Question 2

mycobacterium tb avoids phagocytosis by

Answer 2

growing in phagocytes

Question 3

phagocytosis function of eosinophils is involved with with virus

Answer 3

malaria

Question 4

Long lived
Present in tissues (when mature)
O2-dependent killing not vigorous
Conditions amenable for
 	intracellular growth of pathogens
Pathogen tactics in battle:
Circumvent respiratory burst
Break out of phagosome
Prevent phagolysosome fusion
Resist granule contents

Answer 4

macrophages

Question 5

Short lived
Circulating
Respond to conditions stimulating 
Inflammation, leaving circulation
Vigorous respiratory burst during
phagocytosis
Extremely hostile environment 
for intracellular pathogens.
Pathogen tactics:
a.	Resist phagocytes
b.	Kill or be killed

Answer 5

polymorphs

Question 6

dendritic cells have more MHC I or II

Answer 6

II

Question 7

2 opsonization proteins

Answer 7

1. c3bi

2. IgG

Question 8

phagocytic receptors such as integrins/complement receptors, lectins and Fc-receptors are involved in what mechanism of phagocytosis

Answer 8

opsonization

Question 9

classical pathway of the complement system

Answer 9

antigen ab complexes

Question 10

MB-lectin pathway of the complement system

Answer 10

lectin binding to pathogen surfaces

*** direct recognition of specific carbohydrates a specific receptor

Question 11

alternate pathway of the complement pathway

Answer 11

pathogen surfaces

** allows pathogens to be recognized in absence of ab

Question 12

dectins: the major class of phagocyte lectins is involved in recognition of _____ pathogens

Answer 12

fungal

Question 13

these receptors are involved in:

• toll like receptors
• Il-2 receptor
• TNF receptor
• iFN gamma receptors

Answer 13

macrophage

activation is through inflammation and bacterial/viral disease

Question 14

macrophages release what type of cytokines?

what does it leads to?

Answer 14

secretion of IL-2 allows the differentiation of CD4 helper T cells

Question 15

toll-like receptor ligand:

Lipoproteins and yeast CHO fragments

Answer 15

TLR2- found in mammalian cells to recognize micro-organisms

Question 16

selectins and integrins are important in the response to infection by

Answer 16

adhesion and transmigration receptors

Question 17

antimicrobial activity begins before the microbe is completely engulfed

Answer 17

yeppp

Question 18

missing leukocyte

integrins. Usually lethal.

Answer 18

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency:

Question 19

missing NADPH
oxidase components. Capsulated bacteria cause
serious disease

Answer 19

Chronic Granulomatis Disease:

Question 20

delayed phagosome-
lysosome fusion and low chemotaxis. Recurrent
infections.

Answer 20

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome:

Question 21

no peroxide dependent

halogenation of microbes. Patients healthy.

Answer 21

Myeloperoxidase Deficiency:

Question 22

in response to microbial adhesion NADPH Oxidase releases

Answer 22

O2-

Question 23

in the 2nd killing mechanism there is suicide by NADPH oxidase that releases

Answer 23

antimicrobial “NETS”

*** works particularly well for gram positive organism such as strep

Question 24

killing mechanims 3 involves

Answer 24

antimicrobial peptides such as defensins/cathelicidin by directly attaching to the gram positive membranes and putting holes in the membranes

Question 25

if all else fails in killing what happens

Answer 25

nitric oxide killing by macrophages s

Question 26

Inhibit opsonization or inactivate phagocytosis

1. S. pneumoniae
2. S. pyogenes
3. RhoGAP proteins

Answer 26

1. Capsule: S. pneumoniae
   
   2. M protein: S. pyogenes
   3. Disrupt signaling: RhoGAP proteins