diarrhea

Question 1

watery secretory diarrhea pathogens or toxins are found in the

Answer 1

small bowel

Question 2

blood or pus containing diarrhea pathogens are found in the

Answer 2

terminal ileum and colon

Question 3

If there is tissue invasion we will get

Answer 3

fever

Question 4

most common infectious cause of diarrhea is

Answer 4

unknown

Question 5

virbrio cholerae, ETEC, non-typical salmonella, salmonella Typhi, shigella and EHEC are what type of bacteria?

Answer 5

gram negative rods

Question 6

ADP ribosylation and constitutive activation of a G protein by cholera toxin results in high ___ leading to?

Answer 6

cAMP leading to decreased sodium absorption and less water absorbed and increased Cl- secretion and more water secreted

Question 7

cholera results in

Answer 7

dehydration

Question 8

treatment for cholera

Answer 8

1. oral rehydration therapy

2. Vaxchora vaccine- live attenuated vaccine

Question 9

The major cause of Traveler’s diarrhea

Answer 9

ETEC - Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Question 10

ETEC 2 toxins that alter Na+ and Cl- transport

Answer 10

1. LT- heat labile toxin

2. ST- heat stable toxin (cGMP)

Question 11

incidence of typhoid fever vs non-typhoid salmonellosis

Answer 11

incidence of typhoid fever has decreased while the incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis has increased

Question 12

how does non-typhoid salmonellosis enter?

Answer 12

uptake by antigen-sampling M cells of the small intestine promoted by a type III secretion system

Question 13

how does non-typhoid salmonellosis spread?

Answer 13

usually remain intestinally localized

Question 14

how does non-typhoid salmonellosis damage?

Answer 14

submucosal replication triggers inflammation resulting in cl- secretion and watery diarrhea, sometimes with pus or blood

Question 15

how does non-typhoid salmonellosis multiplication?

Answer 15

facultative intracellular pathogen that grows in the small intestine sub-epithelium

Question 16

what about campulobacter jejuni and yersinia enterocolitica

Answer 16

campulobacter jejuni is highly prevalent and it is associated with guillan-barre an immune-mediated polyneuropathy that can lead to paralysis and yersinia enterocolitica is not prevalent but it can also lead to reactive immune-mediated arthritis

Question 17

why is salmonella enterica similar to NTS?

why is it different?

Answer 17

enters M cells of the small intestinal epithelium via type III secretion system

infection is human to human while NTS infects other animals and is highly adaptable to spread and survive such as in the gallbladder

Question 18

treatment for typhoid fever?

Answer 18

drug of choice is based on susceptibilities because resistance to penicillin and sulfonamides is growing but current choices is ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin

Question 19

shigellosis sucks why?

Answer 19

ID50 is ver low, you dont need much to get an infection because it is acid resistant

Question 20

how does shigellosis migrate through epithelial barrier?

Answer 20

disrupts tight junctions

Question 21

shigellosis is a crook and a thief why?

Answer 21

it steals our actin so that it can create a tail for itself making it mobile but remains localized to the GI tract

Question 22

Shiga toxin from EGEC O157:H7 can result in

Answer 22

hemolytic-uremic syndrome which is the leading cause of kidney failure in children in the US

Question 23

EHEC requires what for its colonization?

Answer 23

formation of actin pedestals

Question 24

what is the shiga toxin?

Answer 24

an A-B model toxin that blocks protein synthesis–> cytotoxic

Question 25

what is contraindicated in EHEC infection?

Answer 25

antibiotics because they can trigger prophage induction and thus supportive care only is suggested

Question 26

the toxins, TcdA and TcdB that C. difficile synthesizes does what?

Answer 26

disrupt the intestinal epithelium

Question 27

C. difficile infection causes (3)

Answer 27

1. prolonged used of antibiotics
2. eldery
3. noncocomial infection- leading cause

Question 28

gahhhhh antibiotic treatment in c.difficile results in a relapse

Answer 28

yep, because it disrupts the normal flora of the gut