HIV pathogenesis

Question 1

HIV originated from an animal

Answer 1

yep…primates

Question 2

HIV-1 and HIV-2 differ by ~40% nucleic acid composition of _____

Answer 2

env

Question 3

The ____ region is two to three times less divergent than env

Answer 3

pol

Question 4

HIV-1 gag is even less divergent as it codes for

Answer 4

relatively inflexible core proteins

Question 5

Retroviruses have 3 major genes:

1. Gag: encodes __________
2. Pol: encodes _____________
3. Env: encodes _________

Answer 5

1. Gag: encodes core proteins
2. Pol: encodes reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase
3. Env: encodes envelope proteins

Question 6

HIV 2 major envelope proteins

Answer 6

gp41 and gp120

Question 7

Envelope covers a core of nucleocapsid proteins including ____

Answer 7

p24

Question 8

HIV structure is an

Answer 8

Icosahedral structure with lipid envelope

Question 9

Gp120 binds to _____ cell receptor with high affinity

Answer 9

CD4

Question 10

Cellular targets with CD4 receptors (6)

Answer 10

1. T-cells
2. dendritic cells
3. macrophages
4. glial cells in CNS
5. Gut epithelium
6. Bone Marrow progeito cells

Question 11

HIV co-receptors (2) later one is associated with a more rapid decline in CD4+ cells

Answer 11

CCR5 and CXCR4

Question 12

HIV-1 characterized by _____ replication. Rapid replication rates serve as a mechanism for virus ______

Answer 12

error-prone replication and Rapid replication rates serve as a mechanism for virus evolution

Question 13

characterized by progressive immune system deterioration that predisposes persons to opportunistic infections and neoplasms

Answer 13

Chronic infection with HIV

Question 14

Syndrome caused by infection with HIV characterized by advanced immunodeficiency and/or opportunistic diseases indicative of at least moderate deficiencies in cell mediated immunity; CD4 cell count < 200 cells/mm3

Answer 14

AIDS

Question 15

incubation period for HIV

Answer 15

signs and symptoms occur within 5-30 days

Question 16

acute retroviral syndrome is characterized by

Answer 16

mononucleosis-like illness with fever, pharyngitis, rash, lymphadenopathy and aseptic meningitis

Question 17

HIV disease progression clinical latency

Answer 17

clinical latency is where someone is HIV positive but they are asymptomatic— viral load is low

Question 18

in the acute infection of HIV disease the viral replication in the regional lymph nodes leads to exponential viral growth and widespread

Answer 18

dissemination

Question 19

destruction of gut associated lymphoid tissue

Answer 19

early destruction of T cells in lamina propria which releases LPS into circulation

Question 20

_______ recognize viral antigen in setting of MHC Class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells

Answer 20

CD4+ T-cells

Question 21

_______ recognize antigen in setting of MHC Class I molecules

Answer 21

CD8+ T-cells

Question 22

__________ kill virally-infected cells with “_________ help”

Answer 22

CD8+ T-cells with CD4 help

Question 23

why is there a conondrum during primary infection, were there are high levels of viremia?

Answer 23

viremia stimulates widespreaad activation of CD4 cells- the very target of HIV

Question 24

T-cell activation is followed by a precipitous decline of _____ cells due to massive targeted infection by HIV. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition leads to some decline in viremia; but responses are not sustained without appropriate

Answer 24

CD4 and CD4 help

Question 25

The hallmark of the immunodeficiency of AIDS is a depletion of

Answer 25

activated CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes

Question 26

what is someone is CCR5 heterozygote or homozygote?

Answer 26

Slower rates of progression and Relative resistance to infection

Question 27

Humoral response in HIV is protective

Answer 27

NOPE

During acute infection, HIV antibody responses are absent
Humoral immunity emerges, but is not protective
Control of viremia corresponds with onset of HIV-specific CTL responses

Question 28

in HIV, older persons progress rapidly

Answer 28

yep

Question 29

The HIV virus can be detected with __________, even in patients effectively treated with ART.

Answer 29

ultrasensitive assays

Question 30

HIV viral reservoir

Answer 30

reservoir is established during acute HIV infection and it consists of long lived infected cells or cells that harbor non-replicating virus