aeorobic gram negatives

Question 1

Caused by microbes that are usually easily contained by normal human immune system

Answer 1

opportunistic infection

Question 2

horizontal transmission in opportunistic infection to immunocompetent person is common/rare

Answer 2

rare

Question 3

____ is the prototypic opportunistic pathogen

think about cystic fibrosis patients

Answer 3

P. aeruginosa

Question 4

P. aeruginosa:

1. Gram-_____, _____ motile, _____-shaped bacterium.
2. Adheres tightly to _____ epithelium.
3. Produces extracellular _________ (mucoidy).
4. Primary cause of death in ____ patients.

Answer 4

1. Gram-negative, highly motile, rod-shaped bacterium.
2. Adheres tightly to lung epithelium.
3. Produces extracellular polysaccharide (mucoidy).
4. Primary cause of death in CF patients.

Question 5

P. aeruginosa is chronic/acute

Answer 5

chornic

there is an evolution over the years first it is piliated and nonmucoid and there is biofilm formation which produces alginate and it becomes non-piliated mucoid

Question 6

Factors responsible for Pseudomonas pathogenicity:

1. Colonization factors.
2. Survival factors.
3. Factors that cause damage or spread.
4. Regulatory factors.

Answer 6

1. Colonization factors.
   Pili/Adhesins and capsule
2. Survival factors.
   LPS, capsule and biofilm formation
3. Factors that cause damage or spread.
   LPS, toxins, and flagellae-mediated motility and chemotaxis

4. Regulatory factors.
Sigma factors (AlgU)- recognition of promoter sequence, two-component regulatory systems, and quorum sensing (helps understand the environment they are in)

Question 7

Pseudomonas is highly resistant to antibiotics

Answer 7

yep

Question 8

the colonies in P.aeruginosa are

Answer 8

often mucoid, with blue green with fruity odor

Question 9

treatment of P. aeruginosa

Answer 9

1. antibiotic combinations

2. clearing mucous

Question 10

P. aeruginosa is a cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infection

Answer 10

yep- causes 11% of all hospital-acquired infections

has a high mortality rate in pt. that are neutropenic

Question 11

Klebsiellae:

1. ___motile, Gram-____ rod with prominent polysaccharide capsule
2. two types:
3. ______ an important cause of neonatal bacteremia
4. ________ has a broader disease spectrum

Answer 11

1. Nonmotile, Gram-negative rod with prominent polysaccharide capsule
2. two types: K. oxytoca and K. pneumoniae
3. K. oxytoca an important cause of neonatal bacteremia
4. K. pneumoniae has a broader disease spectrum

Question 12

K. pneumoniae has a broad spectrum of disease usually affecting (2)

Answer 12

1. pneumonia or UTI

2. community- or hospital acquired

Question 13

K. pneumoniae encounter and entry

Answer 13

ubiquitous in the environment and in humans and commonly colonizes the intestine, skin and pharynx but colonization does not uniformly lead to disease

Question 14

virulence factors of K. pneumoniae

Answer 14

similar to pseudomonas with polysaccharide capsule and LPS

Question 15

The __________ to K. pneumoniae is a major source of damage

Answer 15

inflammatory response

Question 16

K. pneuomoniae is associated with what type of sputum with community acquired pneumonia

Answer 16

currant jelly

Question 17

K. pneumoniae entry into bloodstream can lead to

Answer 17

septic shock

Question 18

treatment of K. pneumoniae

Answer 18

Severely ill patients should be treated empirically until treatment options are better defined by culture and sensitivity.
Antibiotics with common activity against K. pneumoniae include third-generation cephalosphorins, carbapenem, aminoglycosides, and quinolones

Question 19

Routine use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospitalized patients has resulted in increased carriage of Klebsiellae and the emergence of strains that produce _____________

Answer 19

extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)

Question 20

___________ has been used to treat infections by ESBL-producing bacteria

Answer 20

Carbapenem but Carbapenem resistance is spreading to other Enterobacteriaciae, giving rise to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).

Question 21

K. pneumoniae outcome

Answer 21

sepsis has a high fatality rate as with other gram- negative sepsis syndromes and pneumonia which is associated with pulmonary destruction

Question 22

Non-nosocomial pathogen:

__________

UTI in individuals with urinary tract abnormalities or instrumentation.
Associated with urinary stones.

Answer 22

Proteus mirabilis

Question 23

Nosocomial pathogens:

1. (2)
   Patients with extended stays in the ICU
2. ____
   Wide-spread in environment (not part of microbiota).

Answer 23

1. Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes

2. Serratia marcescens

Question 24

similarities between p. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae

Answer 24

ubiquitous in the environment with a thick polysaccharide coat and they are resistant to many antibiotics