vaccination Flashcards

vaccines: explain the meaning of the following types of vaccine, giving a specific example of each; live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate

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1
Q

define live attenuated vaccine

A

vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable

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2
Q

describe the process of attenuation

A

pathogenic virus isolated and cultured in human cells; after some time used to infect monkey cells, and over time mutations are acquired to grow well in monkey cells; upon re-infection of humans, the virus does not replicate or infect well as adapted to monkeys

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3
Q

describe engineered attenuation

A

hypothesis driven reverse genetics could be used to engineer in weakness to viruses, attenuating the strain

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4
Q

describe poliovirus attenuation

A

sequencing allowed for key bases in attenuation to be identified; allowed for engineering of better vaccine

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5
Q

4 characteristics of viral vaccine production

A

retains antigens; stops replicating and causing disease; leads to natural immune response without symptoms

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6
Q

besides live attenuated vaccines, name 3 others

A

inactivated, purified, cloned

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7
Q

pros of live attenuated vaccines

A

rapid, broad and long lived immunity; dose sparing; cellular immunity

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8
Q

cons of live attenuated vaccines

A

requires attenuation - if over-attenuated then reduced levels of immunity; may revery if mutations reverted to normal state

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9
Q

pros of inactivated vaccines

A

safe; can be made from wild type virus

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10
Q

cons of inactivated vaccines

A

frequent boosting doses required; high doses needed for immune system to react

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11
Q

define toxoid vaccine

A

vaccine made from toxin that has been made harmless but that elicits an immune response

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12
Q

define conjugate vaccine

A

vaccine composed of polysaccharide antigen fused to a carrier molecule to enhance stability and effectiveness

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