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need to knows > UWORLD review > Flashcards

UWORLD review Flashcards

1
Q

whats the difference between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar2?

A

bipolar 1 has MANIC epsiodes– (lasts>1 wk, has psychosis, or hospitalization)
bipolar 2 has HYPOMANIC episodes (remember this is STILL A MANIA but just less severe) it lasts >4 days and doesnt have psychotic features. there is no marked impairment or hospitalization needed

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2
Q

where is the most common NEONATE hemorrhage?

A

in the germinal matrix (next to lateral ventricle).. this is a matrix with numerous thin vessels and less glial support.
germinal matrix areas become less by 32 wks gestation.. so premie with IVH— think germinal matrix

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3
Q

what is CaSR

A

it is a transmembrane G-coupled protein (metabotropic) which senses Ca levels to inhibit PTH release if Ca2+ is high enough
Familial Hypercalcemia hypocaluria is a AD defect in this

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4
Q

melanoma has what embryological origin

A

NCC

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5
Q

if youve been exposed to a strain of influenza before or have been vaccinated for that strain, what will prevent infection?

A

antibodies against Hemagglutinin

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6
Q

Orotic Aciduria + hyperammonia= 1
vs
Orotic Aciduria + megaloblastic anemia=21

A
  1. ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency (in the urea cycle, buildup of Carbamoyl phosphate causes shunting to Pyrimidine denovo syn pathway causing ornithine buildup)
  2. UMP synthetase deficiency
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7
Q

what electrolyte abnormalities are seen in Foscarnet use?

A

chelation of calcium

and renal magnesium wasting

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8
Q

what type of receptor does glucagon bind to ?

A

G-coupled membrane receptor (same like epi/NE)

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9
Q

what hormones are active in glucose conservation during fasting states?

A
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • cortisol
  • GH
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10
Q

in relative afferent pupillary defect, if light is shone in the LEFT eye, and there is no constriction, what is damaged?

A

the damage is in the RIGHT optic tract or the LEFT optic nerve.
its the RIGHT optic tract b/c the nasal portion of the eye that contributes most to the pretectal nucleus

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11
Q

why would fibrates lead to more gallstones?

A

they block 7ahydroxylase

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12
Q

what are the causes of diastolic HF?

A
  • htt
  • obesity
  • infiltrative disorder (sarcoid, transthyretin amyloid)
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13
Q

what does osteoprotegrin do?

A

acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL and inhibits RANK/RANKL binding, therefore decreasing osteoclast diff/prolif

(denosumab acts like OPG)

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14
Q

what ligament can compress the spinal cord?

A

ligamentum flavum

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15
Q

what drug for ischemia induced ventricular arrhythmia?

A 
class II antiarrhythmic 
b/c it binds to inactivated sodium channels (seen in tissues post MI) and dissociate quickly
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16
Q

most commonly aborted fetus

A

trisomy 16 and XO

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17
Q

what happens when H Pylori colonizes gastric antrum?

gastric body?

A

gastric antrum— knocks out delta SST cells in antrum, causing increased gastric acid production— duodenal ulcer

gastric body — causes a gastric ulcer (with risk for GALT) due to inflammatory and toxic effects of HPylori

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18
Q

B1 is found on ?

A

cardiac myocytes

and JG cells

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19
Q

Left Frontal lobe lesion vs Right Frontal Lobe lestion

A 
L= low: so apathy and depression 
R="racey"= disinhibition
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20
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (and treatment with MTX) is associated with what lung problem?

A

interstital lung disease= interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis

21
Q

what causes TH1 differentiation

what causes TH2 differentiation

A

IL12, INFy

IL4

22
Q

large friable mass on valve= IE, what is the cause?

A

developed country= MVP

developING country= RHD

23
Q

LYMPH
where does the prostate drain?
where does the skin below the umbilicus drain? what are the 2 exceptions?

A

prostate- drains to internal iliac nodes
skin below umbilicus- superficial inguinal nodes
exceptions: glans penis and posterior calf drain to deep inguinal nodes

24
Q

what does the flu shot do? vs what does Tamiflu do?

A

flu shot: antibodies anti-HA (HA inds sialylated receptors and enters cells via endocytosis)– stops virus from entering cells
Tamiflu: anti NA- stops release of progeny

25
Q

name whats RETROperitoneal?

A 
SADPUCKER
suprarenal/adrenal 
aorta/IVC
duodenum (not 1st pt) 
Pancreas (body+ head) 
Ureters/bladder
Colon (asc/desc) 
Kidneys 
Esophagus 
Rectum (mid-distal)
26
Q

Whats up with the spleen of a SS patient?

A

discolored, shrunken + fibrotic! why? b/c repetitive infarction to spleen

27
Q

dog has diarrhea, then you have diarrhea? whats the cause?

A

campylobacter

28
Q

Dengue Fever

A

transmitted by Aedes aegyptii mosquito.
tropical regions
acute fever, headache/retroorbital pain, jt/m pain, petechia, thrombocytopenia and

(this mosquito also transmits chickingunya)

29
Q

what does a virus have to be if its “purified” RNA but able to produce proteins

A

SS (+) RNA

30
Q

you have multiple ring enhancing brain lesions (its not toxo) and EBV positive! whats going on?

A

Primary CNS lymphoma

(made of abnormal B cells— not T cells even though EBV+

31
Q

escalating fever + diarrhea/constipation/abdominal pain+ hemorrhagic enteritis+ rash (rose colored spots) after a recent trip to endemic area?

A

Salmonella Typhi

32
Q

aseptic (viral) meningitis most commonly caused by?

A

enteroviruses

33
Q

how would you check for Mucormycosis

A

mucosal biopsy (note its NOT seen in the blood)

34
Q

+ germ tube test at 37 degrees

A

Candida

35
Q

gingivostomatitis + malaise vs mild perioral vesicles

A

primary HSV vs reactivation HSV

36
Q

calcification of bladder wall?

A

schistosomiasis

-chronic cystitis with inflammation/fibrosis/granulomas that can lead to SCC

37
Q

what are the light spots of Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

tingeable macrophages

apoptotic bodies

38
Q

how does codeine work?

A

inactive on its own it must be converted by CYP enzymes in the liver to morphine

39
Q

chimeric antibodies can cause?

A

serum sickness

Type IIIHS—- immune complexes

40
Q

pubertal gynecomastia in males is??

A

NORMAL

41
Q

how does N Fowleri get into the brain

A

via olfactory N and through cribiform plate

42
Q

whats going on if both PaO2 and PaCO2 are low?

A

its most likely a PE or pneumonia that is causing a V/Q mismatch. Low O2 levels are telling you to breathe more, so you blow off more CO2, but you are still unable to get the O2 you need!

43
Q

if you have nephritis 5 days after a URI, and it recurs now and then?
vs
if you have nephritis 1-3 wks after a URI and it doesnt recur

A

IgA Bergers
vs
PSGN

44
Q

how does sirolimus work?

A

it blocks IL2 signal transduction

45
Q

pure SVC syndrome w/o Horner’s or brachial plexus pain is most likely a mass where?

A

mediastinum

46
Q

in a lung transplant what structures are affected by chronic rejection

A

small airways–

bronchiolitis obliteraans

47
Q

what effects on the lungs can LV failure have?

A
  • increased hydrostatic P
  • – increased fluid in lung interstitium
  • —– decreased compliance
48
Q

in CF

A

there is reduced Cl secretion and increased Na reabsorption in the resp epithelia

49
Q

you need a break with nitrates administration to prevent?

A

tolerance devpt

need to knows (31 decks)

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