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need to knows > Neurology (F.A.) > Flashcards

Neurology (F.A.) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the walls and cavities of the Telencephalon

A

walls- cerebral cortex

cavity- lateral ventricles

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2
Q

what are the walls and cavities of the Diencephalon

A

walls- thalamus/hypothalamus

cavity- 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

what are the walls and cavities of the Mesencephalon

A

walls- midbrain

cavity - cerebral aqueduct

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4
Q

what are the walls and cavities of the Metencephalon

A

walls- pons/cerebellum

cavity- 4th ventricle

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5
Q

what are the walls and cavities of the Myelencephalon

A

walls- medulla

cavity- 4th ventricle

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6
Q

what relays sensation from anterior 2/3 tongue? taste?

A

sensation - CNV3

taste- CN VII

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7
Q

what relays sensation from posterior 1/3 tongue? taste?

A

sensation+taste- CN IX

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8
Q

what is the motor innervation to tongue?

A

XII- hypoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus

X- palatoglossus

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9
Q

what is meissner’s corpuscles location and main function?

A

un-hairy skin surfaces

light touch,

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10
Q

what is merkel disk’s location and main function?

A 
fingertips, superficial skin 
deep touch (like shapes/edges)
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11
Q

what is pacinain corpuscles location and function?

A

deep skin

pressure

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12
Q

what is ruffini’s corpuscles location and function?

A

finger tips/joints

joint angle change, slippage

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13
Q

What is ACh location of synthesis? D(x)

A

basal nucleus of Meynert

decreased in Alzheimer’s, decreased Huntington’s, increased in Parkinson’s

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14
Q

What is NE location of synthesis? D(x)

A 
locus ceruleus (post. rostral pons) 
increased in anxiety, decreased in depression
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15
Q

What is 5HT location of synthesis? D(x)

A

Raphe Nucleus

decreased in anxiety and depression

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16
Q

What is Dopamine location of synthesis? D(x)

A

Substantia Nigra

decreased in Parkinson’s, increased in Schitzophrenia

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17
Q

What is GABA location of synthesis? D(x)

A

nucelus accumbens

decreased in Huntington’s, decreased in anxiety

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18
Q

What EEG waveform is associated with awake, eyes open?

A

Beta

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19
Q

What EEG waveform is associated with awake, eyes closed?

A

Alpha

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20
Q

What EEG waveform and action is associated with NONREM stage 1?

A

Theta

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21
Q

What EEG waveform and action is associated with NONREM stage 2?

A

Spindle

Bruxism

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22
Q

What EEG waveform and action is associated with NONREM stage 3?

A

Delta

night terrors, sleep walking, bedwetting

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23
Q

REM EEG waveform and action?

A

Beta

muscle paralysis, increased ACh, erection/dreaming

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24
Q

Papez Circuit constituents?

A

hippocampus, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus, anterior thalamic nucleus, entorhinal cortex

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25
Q

decerebrate (extensor) posturing

A

below red nucleus (pons)

lack of rubrospinal tract (therefore cant flex UE)

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26
Q

decorticate (flexor) posturing

A

above red nucleus (pons)

loss of descending inhibition

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27
Q

what travels through foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery

28
Q

actions of CN VII

A

motor: all facial muscles of face (except mastication)
eyelid closing, lacrimation, SUBMANDIBULAR/SUBLINGUAL salivation, stapedius m (auditory modulation)
sensory: taste from ant 2/3 of tongue,

29
Q

actions of CN IX

A

sensory: taste and sensation from post 1/3 tongue&;tonsils&;middle ear and upper pharynx, carotid body/sinus chemoreceptors
motor: swallowing, elevation of pharynx/larynx, PAROTID salivation

30
Q

actions of CN X

A

sensory: taste and sensation from extreme posterior of tongue and supraglottic
motor: efferent gag reflex, uvula, talking, cough, soft palate elevation

31
Q

where should you do a lumbar puncture?

A

L3-L5 (level of cauda equina

use iliac crest as landmark (= L4)

32
Q

reflex: achilles

A

S1, S2

33
Q

reflex: patellar

A

L3,L4

34
Q

reflex: biceps

A

C5, C6

35
Q

reflex: triceps

A

C7, C8

36
Q

reflex: cremaster

A

L1, L2

37
Q

reflex: anal wink

A

S3, S4

38
Q

Gerstmann Syndrome

A

lesion in DOMINANT parietal cortex

acalculia, agraphia, L-R disorientation, finger agnosia

39
Q

Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome

A

lesion in NONdominant parietal cortex

agnosia of contralateral wall

40
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A 
Can O' (beer) = Wernicke 
Confusion 
Ataxia 
Nystagmus 
Ophthalmoplega

Korsakoff= confabulation, antero/retrograde amnesia

41
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

amygdala lesion

disinhibited behavoir- hypersexual/agressive

42
Q

Parinaud Syndrome

A

superior colliculus lesion

paralysis of vertical gaze

43
Q

clasp knife spasticity

A

initial resistance to passive extension, then suddent release
Internal capsule lesion (pure motor)

44
Q

within 24 hr of brain ischemia

A

red neurons

45
Q

within 3 days (24-72 hr) of brain ischemia

A

neutrophils and necrosis

46
Q

around 3-5 of brain ischemia

A

microglia

47
Q

around 1-2 weeks after brain ischemia

A

reactive gliosis (astrocytes) and vascular proliferation

48
Q

> 2 wks after brain ischemia

A

glial scar (astrocytes)

49
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar A stroke symptoms? “lateral medullary (Wallenberg) Syndrome”

A

(Nucleus Ambiguus effects)- dysphagia, hoarseness, lack of gag reflex
(dont) PICA hoarse (that) can’t eat

50
Q

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar stroke symptoms? “Lateral Pontine Syndrome”

A

(Facial Nucleus Effects)- face droop

51
Q

Basilar A stroke

A

“locked in” syndrome

52
Q

lesion in subthalamic nucleus?

A

pure hemiballismus

53
Q

Anterior Spinal Artery Stroke symptoms (Medial Medullary Syndrome)?

A

DCML- contralateral decrease in facial and body sensation
corticospinal tract- contralateral paralysis
hypoglossal nucleus- “tongue licks the wound”

54
Q

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

A

progressive multifocal inflammation and demyelination following vaccine or infection

55
Q

Charcot Marie Tooth

A

Autosomal DOMINANT
mutation in proteins of myelin synthesis
LOWER extremity symptoms- foot drop, foot deformity, pes cavus

56
Q

Krabbe

A

autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease
def: gangliocerebrosiidase
s(x)- buildup up gangliocerbroside destroys myelin- developmental delay, peripheral neuropathy, optic atrophy

57
Q

metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder
def: Arylsulfatase A
s(x)- buildup of arylsulfatase A destroys myelin, ataxia+ dementia

58
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

X-linked, can’t metabolize VLCFA, accumulates in testes, adrenal gland, and nervous system

59
Q

Sturge Weber Syndrome

A

congenital but sporadic. somatic mosiacism
GNAQ gene, NCC anomaly.
port wine stain
ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma (causes seizures, and mental disability) , Train track calcifications
EYEs; episcleral hemangioma and glaucoma

60
Q

Tuberous Sclerosis

A 
autosomal dominant on TSC1/2 on chromosome 9/16 
H- hamartomas in CNS and skin
A- ash leaf spots
M- mitral valve regurg
A angiofibroma
R rhbdomyoma
T tuberous sclerosis
O tosomal dominant 
M ental retard
A angiomyolipoma (renal)
S eizures, shagreen patches
61
Q

NF1 (von recklinghausen)

A

autosomal dom, NF1 gene is a tumorsupressor (chromosome 17), skin lesions made of schwan, cafe-au lait, optic gliomas, pheochromocytomas, Lisch nodules

62
Q

NF2

A

autosomal dom, Merlin gene (chromosome 21), bilateral schwanomas, juvenile cataracts, meningiomas, ependyomas

63
Q

VHL

A 
autosomal dom, chrom 3, 
H- hemangioblastoma 
A- angiomatosis 
R- renal cell carcinoma
P- pheochromocytoma
64
Q

uncal herniation symptoms

A
  • CN III palsy= blown pupils, down and out

- PCA lesion- homonymous hemianopia w/ macular sparing

65
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman disease

A

autosomal recessive congenital degeneration of anterior horns of spinal cord. LMN lesion only. “floppy baby”. looks like polio but is symmetric weakness

66
Q

Friedrich’s Ataxia

A

trinucleotide expansion of GAA, autosomal recessive.
Frataxin gene- mitochondrial dysfunction
“Fred is Fratastic: he is your favorite FRAT bro always staggering and falling but he has a SWEET, BIG heart”

need to knows (31 decks)

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