useful stuff Flashcards
safety muscle of mouth
genioglossus
only muscle to propel tongue forwards
foramen ovale
otic ganglion V3 accessory meningeal artery lesser petrosal nerve CN IX emissary veins
what attaches to the oblique line of mandible
depressor labii inferioris
depressor anguli oris
what attaches to incisive fossa of mandible
mentalis
identifying hypoglossal nerve CN XII
cross over carotid sheath/ internal jugular vein
lateral to hyoglossus
between mylohyoid and hyoglossus
submandibular gland and duct sublingual gland submandibular ganglion lingual nerve CN V3 chorda tyampni CN VII hypoglossal nerve CN XII deep lingual vein
medial to hyoglossus
between hyoglossus and genioglossus
stylohyoid ligament
glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
lingual artery (ECA)
dorsal lingual vein
hyoid vertebral level
C3
bifurcation of CCA (carotid sinus) vertebral level
C3-C4
thyroid cartilage vertebral level
C4-C5
cricoid cartilage vertebral level
C6
thyroid gland vertebral level
C5-T1
jugular notch vertebral level
T2
aortic arch
T3-T4
sternal angle/ bifurcation of trachea/ superior and inferior mediastinum
T4-T5
xiphoid process
T9-T10
hilum vertebral level
T5-T7
extradural/ epidural haemorrhage
bleeding between skull and dura mater
subdural haemorrhage
bleeding between arachnoid mater and dural mater layers
subarachnoid haemorrahage
rupture of main blood vessel between arachnoid mater and pia mater with CSF
intercerebral haemorrhage
bleeding inside brain
substantia nigra
basal ganglia in midbrain for reward and movement
eagle syndrome
calcified stylophyoid ligament and abnormally large styloid process
test branches for facial nerve
crease forhead/ raise eyebrows close eyes against resistance puff out cheeks reveal teeth purse lips
reason for hoarse voice
one side of vocal fold is damaged
between false and true vocal folds
vestibule
vocal folds open
inspiration and phonation
vocal folds closed
swallowing, defaecation, parturition
parasympathetic cranial nerves
III
VII
IX
X
attachments to mastoid process
lateral - SCM
medial (digastric fosssa/ mastoid notch) - posterior belly of digastric
infection spread of a swelling at third maxillary molar
maxillary sinus -> pterygoid venous plexus -> cavernous sinus
lobes for speech
both supplied by middle cerebral artery
frontal lobe - Broca’s area, superior branch
non-fluent speech, poorly articulated, slow
temporal lobe - Wernicke’s area, inferior branch
fluent speech, no meaning or understanding
facial nerve in petrous part of temporal bone
enters via internal acoustic meatus and leaves via stylomastoid foramen
greater petrosal nerve (lacrimal gland, paranasal sinuses)
nerve to stapedius (stapedius)
chorda tympani (submandibular, sublingual, anterior 2/3 tongue)
enophthalmos
posterior displacement of eyeball due to changes in volume of orbital cavity (blow out fracture)
diplopia
extraocular muscle trapped in fracture/ neurovascular problem
see two images of single object
preseptal cellulitis
bacterial infection of eyelids
Horner’s syndrome
lesion of sympathetic fibres to head
ptosis (paralysis of superior tarsal)
miosis (pupillary constriction)
anhidriosis (vasodilation, red, flushed skin)
conjuctivitis
inflammation of conjunctiva
cataract
opacity/ clouding of lens reduces refractory index
draining abscess of neck
big vessels
marginal mandibular nerve of CN VII
dilated cardiomyopathy
enlarged heart usnable to pump blood (diastolic failure)
bradycardia tachycardia arrhythmia ectopic asystole
slow heart rate fast heart rate normal increase in heart during inspiration earlier atrial/ ventricular heart beat flat line/ no electrical activity
ECG
P wave - atrial depolarisation (frequency is atrial rate)
PR segment - continuation of atrial depolarisation
QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation (frequency is ventricular rate)
ST segment - between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
T wave - ventricular repolarisation (flat line after T wave is ventricular diastole)
U wave - papillary muscle and Purkinje fibres repolarisation
pharyngeal plexus
axons from CN IX, X, XI
pharyngeal branch of X via pharyngeal plexus
all pharyngeal and soft palate muscles except stylopharngeus CN IX and tensor veli palatini CN V3
1st pharyngeal arch
nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue
CN V muscles of mastication mylohyoid anterior belly of digastric tensor veli palatini tensor tympani
incus
malleus
anterior 2/3 tongue
2nd pharyngeal arch
nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue
CN VII
muscles of facial expression
stapedius
stylohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
lesser horn and upper body of hyoid
stapes
styloid process
stylohyoid ligament
regresses
3rd pharyngeal arch
nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue
CN IX
stylopharyngeus
greater horn and lower body of hyoid
posterior 1/3 tongue
4th pharyngeal arch
nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue
CN X superior laryngeal branch
pharyngeal muscles
cricothyroid
thyroid cartilage
cricocoid cartilage
pharynx
5th pharyngeal arch
nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue
disintegrates later in embryological development
6th pharyngeal arch
nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue
CN X recurrent laryngeal branch
laryngeal muscles
arytenoid cartilage
death in shallow water
hypoxia from holding breath too long
NO formation
vasodilator
nitrogen burning: N2 + O2 -> 2NO
commercial production: 4NH3 + 5O2 –Pt 750⁰C–> 4NO + 6H2O
further oxidation: 2NO + O2 -> 2NO2
waste bag colours
non-infected waste (black, black/ yellow) clinical waste/ sharps (yellow) amalgam waste (white) anatomical waste (red) medicinal waste (blue)
5 times of hand washing
ayliffe handwashing technique
before patient contact before aseptic task after body fluid exposure risk after patient contact after contact with patient surroundings
steps for fissure sealant
prophylaxis - action to prevent disease
moisture control - isolate, saliva
etch - 37.5% H3PO4 15 seconds
wash - 15 seconds
dry - 15 seconds
apply resin - unfilled resin or GIC (glass isomer cement), 1/3 of cusp height, not beyond marginal ridge, apply with pear shaped burnisher
cure - curing light and shield 20 seconds
identifying caries
visual inspection
transillumination
radiographs
