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First year > useful stuff > Flashcards

useful stuff Flashcards

1
Q

safety muscle of mouth

A

genioglossus

only muscle to propel tongue forwards

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2
Q

foramen ovale

A 
otic ganglion
V3
accessory meningeal artery 
lesser petrosal nerve CN IX 
emissary veins
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3
Q

what attaches to the oblique line of mandible

A

depressor labii inferioris

depressor anguli oris

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4
Q

what attaches to incisive fossa of mandible

A

mentalis

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5
Q

identifying hypoglossal nerve CN XII

A

cross over carotid sheath/ internal jugular vein

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6
Q

lateral to hyoglossus

A

between mylohyoid and hyoglossus

submandibular gland and duct
sublingual gland 
submandibular ganglion
lingual nerve CN V3
chorda tyampni CN VII
hypoglossal nerve CN XII
deep lingual vein
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7
Q

medial to hyoglossus

A

between hyoglossus and genioglossus

stylohyoid ligament
glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
lingual artery (ECA)
dorsal lingual vein

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8
Q

hyoid vertebral level

A

C3

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9
Q

bifurcation of CCA (carotid sinus) vertebral level

A

C3-C4

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10
Q

thyroid cartilage vertebral level

A

C4-C5

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11
Q

cricoid cartilage vertebral level

A

C6

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12
Q

thyroid gland vertebral level

A

C5-T1

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13
Q

jugular notch vertebral level

A

T2

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14
Q

aortic arch

A

T3-T4

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15
Q

sternal angle/ bifurcation of trachea/ superior and inferior mediastinum

A

T4-T5

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16
Q

xiphoid process

A

T9-T10

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17
Q

hilum vertebral level

A

T5-T7

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18
Q

extradural/ epidural haemorrhage

A

bleeding between skull and dura mater

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19
Q

subdural haemorrhage

A

bleeding between arachnoid mater and dural mater layers

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20
Q

subarachnoid haemorrahage

A

rupture of main blood vessel between arachnoid mater and pia mater with CSF

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21
Q

intercerebral haemorrhage

A

bleeding inside brain

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22
Q

substantia nigra

A

basal ganglia in midbrain for reward and movement

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23
Q

eagle syndrome

A

calcified stylophyoid ligament and abnormally large styloid process

24
Q

test branches for facial nerve

A 
crease forhead/ raise eyebrows
close eyes against resistance 
puff out cheeks
reveal teeth
purse lips
25
Q

reason for hoarse voice

A

one side of vocal fold is damaged

26
Q

between false and true vocal folds

A

vestibule

27
Q

vocal folds open

A

inspiration and phonation

28
Q

vocal folds closed

A

swallowing, defaecation, parturition

29
Q

parasympathetic cranial nerves

A

III
VII
IX
X

30
Q

attachments to mastoid process

A

lateral - SCM

medial (digastric fosssa/ mastoid notch) - posterior belly of digastric

31
Q

infection spread of a swelling at third maxillary molar

A

maxillary sinus -> pterygoid venous plexus -> cavernous sinus

32
Q

lobes for speech

A

both supplied by middle cerebral artery

frontal lobe - Broca’s area, superior branch
non-fluent speech, poorly articulated, slow

temporal lobe - Wernicke’s area, inferior branch
fluent speech, no meaning or understanding

33
Q

facial nerve in petrous part of temporal bone

A

enters via internal acoustic meatus and leaves via stylomastoid foramen
greater petrosal nerve (lacrimal gland, paranasal sinuses)
nerve to stapedius (stapedius)
chorda tympani (submandibular, sublingual, anterior 2/3 tongue)

34
Q

enophthalmos

A

posterior displacement of eyeball due to changes in volume of orbital cavity (blow out fracture)

35
Q

diplopia

A

extraocular muscle trapped in fracture/ neurovascular problem
see two images of single object

36
Q

preseptal cellulitis

A

bacterial infection of eyelids

37
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

lesion of sympathetic fibres to head

ptosis (paralysis of superior tarsal)
miosis (pupillary constriction)
anhidriosis (vasodilation, red, flushed skin)

38
Q

conjuctivitis

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

39
Q

cataract

A

opacity/ clouding of lens reduces refractory index

40
Q

draining abscess of neck

A

big vessels

marginal mandibular nerve of CN VII

41
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

enlarged heart usnable to pump blood (diastolic failure)

42
Q 
bradycardia
tachycardia
arrhythmia 
ectopic 
asystole
A 
slow heart rate
fast heart rate 
normal increase in heart during inspiration
earlier atrial/ ventricular heart beat 
flat line/ no electrical activity
43
Q

ECG

A

P wave - atrial depolarisation (frequency is atrial rate)
PR segment - continuation of atrial depolarisation
QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation (frequency is ventricular rate)
ST segment - between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
T wave - ventricular repolarisation (flat line after T wave is ventricular diastole)
U wave - papillary muscle and Purkinje fibres repolarisation

44
Q

pharyngeal plexus

A

axons from CN IX, X, XI
pharyngeal branch of X via pharyngeal plexus
all pharyngeal and soft palate muscles except stylopharngeus CN IX and tensor veli palatini CN V3

45
Q

1st pharyngeal arch

nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue

A 
CN V
muscles of mastication 
mylohyoid 
anterior belly of digastric 
tensor veli palatini
tensor tympani

incus
malleus

anterior 2/3 tongue

46
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch

nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue

A

CN VII

muscles of facial expression
stapedius
stylohyoid
posterior belly of digastric

lesser horn and upper body of hyoid
stapes
styloid process
stylohyoid ligament

regresses

47
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch

nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue

A

CN IX

stylopharyngeus

greater horn and lower body of hyoid

posterior 1/3 tongue

48
Q

4th pharyngeal arch

nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue

A

CN X superior laryngeal branch

pharyngeal muscles
cricothyroid

thyroid cartilage
cricocoid cartilage

pharynx

49
Q

5th pharyngeal arch

nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue

A

disintegrates later in embryological development

50
Q

6th pharyngeal arch

nerve
muscle
cartilage
development of tongue

A

CN X recurrent laryngeal branch

laryngeal muscles

arytenoid cartilage

51
Q

death in shallow water

A

hypoxia from holding breath too long

52
Q

NO formation

A

vasodilator

nitrogen burning: N2 + O2 -> 2NO
commercial production: 4NH3 + 5O2 –Pt 750⁰C–> 4NO + 6H2O

further oxidation: 2NO + O2 -> 2NO2

53
Q

waste bag colours

A 
non-infected waste (black, black/ yellow) 
clinical waste/ sharps (yellow) 
amalgam waste (white)
anatomical waste (red) 
medicinal waste (blue)
54
Q

5 times of hand washing

A

ayliffe handwashing technique

before patient contact
before aseptic task
after body fluid exposure risk
after patient contact
after contact with patient surroundings
55
Q

steps for fissure sealant

A

prophylaxis - action to prevent disease

moisture control - isolate, saliva

etch - 37.5% H3PO4 15 seconds

wash - 15 seconds

dry - 15 seconds

apply resin - unfilled resin or GIC (glass isomer cement), 1/3 of cusp height, not beyond marginal ridge, apply with pear shaped burnisher

cure - curing light and shield 20 seconds

56
Q

identifying caries

A

visual inspection
transillumination
radiographs

First year (31 decks)

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