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First year > Metabolism pathways > Flashcards

Metabolism pathways Flashcards

1
Q

glycogenesis

conversion
where
enzymes (3) 
activate (1) 
inhibit (2)
A

glycogen synthesis
glucose -> glycogen in cytosol in fed state

glycogen synthase (activated by high glucose)
UDP-glucose phosphorylase
amylotransglycosylase

↓ glucagon and adrenaline (inhibit glycogen synthase by phosphorylation)
↑ insulin (stimulate glycogen synthase by dephosphorylation)

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2
Q

glycogenolysis

conversion
where
enzymes (3) 
activate (4) 
inhibit (2)
A

glycogen metabolism
glycogen -> glucose in cytosol of muscle and liver

glycogen phosphorylase
debranching enzyme
hexokinase

↑ glucagon, adrenaline (stimulate glycogen phosphorylase by phosphorylation), Ca2+ and AMP (allosterically)
↓ insulin and glucose

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3
Q

glycolysis

conversion
where
enzymes (3)

A

glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH in cytosol

7ATP

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

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4
Q

Cori cycle

conversion
enzymes (1)

A

glucose -> pyruvate -> lactate -> pyruvate -> glucose

anaerobic
lactate hydrogenase

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5
Q

Link reaction

conversion
enzymes (1)
inhibit (1)
stimulate (1)

A

pyruvate + CoA -> acetyl coA + CO2 in mitochondrial matrix

PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase)

PDH kinase inhibits and phosphorylises PDH
PDH phosphatase stimulates and dephosphorylises PDH

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6
Q

TCA cycle

conversion
enzymes (2)

A

acetyl coA -> 20ATP in mitochondrial matrix

citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

conversion
enzymes (1)

A

glucose -> pyruvate to make NADPH in cytosol

glucose-6-P dehydrogenase

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8
Q

gluconeogenesis

conversion
where
enzymes (2)
activate (3)

A

non-carbohydrate -> glucose in liver

pyruvate carboxylase
phosphoenoylpyruvate

↑ glucagon, acetyl coA, cortisol

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9
Q

transamination

conversion
examples of a substrate (3)
example of conversion (2)
enzymes (2)

A

transfer of α-amino acid to α-ketoacid -> amino acid

α-ketoacid e.g. oxoaloacetate, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate

e. g. α-amino group + oxaloacetate -> glutamate
e. g. α-amino group + pyruvate -> alanine

aminotransferase
pyridine (B6)

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10
Q

removal of ammonia from brain

conversion
enzymes (3)

A

ammonia -> glutamine

glutamate dehydrogenase
glutamine synthase

to liver for oxidative deamination
glutamine -> glutamate + NH4+
glutaminase

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11
Q

removal of ammonia from muscle

conversion
enzymes (1)

A

ammonia -> alanine

glutamate dehydrogenase
aminotransferase
to liver

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12
Q

urea cycle

conversion
where
rate limiting step with enzyme
another step with enzyme

A

ammonia -> urea in liver

rate limiting step: NH4+ + CO2 + H2O -> carbamolyl phosphate (carbamolyl phosphate synthase)

arginine -> urea + ornithine (arginase)

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13
Q

1 lipolysis of triglycerides

converison
enzymes (1)
activate (2)
inhibit (1)

A

triglyceride -> glycerol + 3 fatty acids

lipase

↑ glucagon and adrenaline
↓ insulin

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14
Q

2 fate of glycerol in liver

conversion
enzymes (1)

A

glycerol -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

glycerolkinase

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15
Q

3 fatty acids activated in cytosol

conversion
enzymes (1)
transport where and how

A

fatty acid + coA -> fatty acyl coA (activated fatty acid)

fatty acyl coA synthase

to mitochondria by CAT shuttle
↑ palmityol coA for CAT II
↓ maolonyl coA for CAT I

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16
Q

4 activated fatty acid undergoes β-oxidation

A

fatty acyl coA -> fatty acyl coA (shortened by 2C) + acetyl coA

17
Q

5 acetyl coA in HMG-CoA cycle

A

ketogenesis: acetyl coA -> ketone bodies

18
Q

catabolism

A

break down large molecules to forming small substances and release energy using enzymes
oxidation of nutrients (hydrogenation)

19
Q

anabolism

A

use useful forms of energy and small molecules to make large molecules
reduction of nutrients (dehydrogenation)

20
Q

regulation of reactions (3)

A

enzyme (substrate supply, rate limiting step, allosteric control)
hormone-mediated reversible phosphorylation of key control enzyme
hormone affecting rate of pathway by enzyme induction/ stimulating enzyme stimulation

21
Q

oxidative deamination

conversion
use

A

amino acid -> ketoacid + NH4+

ketoacids oxidised for energy for TCA cycle and ketogenesis

22
Q

stages of fatty acid synthesis

A

transport of citrate into cytosol from mitchondria by citrate shuttle
citrate -> acetyl coA + oxaloacetate

activation using acetyl coA carboxylase
acetyl coA -> malonyl coA

addition of 2C in 4 steps all by fatty acid synthase

23
Q

formation of cholesterol

A

HMG CoA reductase stimulated by insulin dephosphorylating

acetyl coA -> cholesterol

24
Q

chhylomicrons (CM)

A

transport lipids from gut to rest of body by blood via lymphatics

25
Q

very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

A

transport TAG from liver to adipose tissue

26
Q

intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)

A

transport lipids from liver to rest of body

27
Q

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues

28
Q

high density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

source of apoproteins for other lipoproteins such as CM and VLDL

29
Q

response to starvation

A 
glycogenolysis <12 hours
- liver glycogen 
gluconeogenesis >12 hours 
- muscle alanine
ketogenesis >3 days
- triglyceride -> fatty acid -> acetyl coA -> ketone body
30
Q

metabolic response to trauma

A

increase glucagon, cortisol, NA, adrenaline, decrease insulin:glucagon

31
Q

starvation vs trauma

hypo/hyprglycaemia??
ketone body formation??
protein loss??

A

starvation

  • hypoglycaemia
  • increased ketone body formation
  • small protein loss

trauma

  • hyperlglycaemia
  • blunted ketone body formation
  • marked protein loss
32
Q

fructose metabolism in liver

A

faster
fructose -> glyceraldehyde-3-P
hepatic fructokinase
fructose-1-Padolase

33
Q

fructose metabolism in muscle

A

slower
fructose -> fructose-1,6-bisP
muscle hexokinase
moves to liver to become glyceraldehyde-3-P

First year (31 decks)

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