Respiratory system Flashcards
bones of middle thing connecting the ribs
manubrium manubriosternal joint (sternal angle) T4/5 sternum xiphisternal joint xiphoid process T9/10
true, false, floating ribs
1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
11-12 floating ribs
first rib
scalenus anterior muscle attaches to scalenus tubercle
groove for subclavian vein is anterior to tubercle
groove for subclavian artery is posterior to tubercle
neurovascular bundle
subcostal groove
intercostal vein
intercostal artery
intercostal nerve
pleural cavity cleft is filled with fluid function (2)
lubrication
sticks lungs and chest wall together (surface tension)
right lung
bigger, three lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
horizontal and oblique fissures
right bronchus shorter, wider, more vertical (more likely to lodge objects)
left lung
smaller, two lobes (superior, inferior)
oblique fissure
groove for arch of aorta and descending aorta
cardiac impression
hilum on mediastinal surface point towards each other
RALS
Right lung, artery is Anterior to bronchi
Left lung, artery is Superior to bronchi
intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles (hands in pockets)
internal intercostal muscles (hands on tits)
innermost layer (hands on tits)
subcostalis
transversus thoracis
vagus and phrenic nerve in relation to hilum
phrenic nerve is anterior to hilum
vagus nerve is posterior to hilum
phrenic nerve innervation
motor and sensory to diaphragm
sensory to pericardium of heart and pleura of lungs
right phrenic nerve vs left
right enters via caval opening/ cavity (vena cava hiatus) with inferior vena cava
left enters by itself
holes in diaphragm
caval opening/ cavity T8 - inferior VENA CAVA, right phrenic nerve
oesophageal hiatus T10 - OESOPHAGUS, oesophageal blood vessels, vagal trunks
AORTIC HIATUS T12 - aorta, thoracic duct , azygos vein
muscles of relaxed and forced inspiration
diaphragm, external intercostals
sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
muscles of relaxed and forced expiration
internal intercostals, abdominal muscles
scalene, quadratus lumborum
factors affecting work of breathing (2)
airway resistance lung compliance (elasticity) - how easy lungs can be filled and emptied
tidal volume
volume of air displaced between expiration
expiratory reserve volume
air forcefully exhaled out
inspiratory reserve volume
air forcefully inhaled in
residual volume
air remaining in lungs after exhalation
inspiratory capacity
volume of air that be be inspired after normal expiration
vital capacity
maximum volume of air exhaled after maximum inhalation
total lung capacity
maximum volume of air lungs can accommodate
function residual capacity
resting volume when elastic pressure of lungs in chest wall out are equal
FVC
forced vital capacity
volume of air during forced expiration
FEV1
forced expired volume in 1 second
dead space
air is ventilated but not perfused
diffusion capacity equation
driving partial pressure
effect of gravity on ventilation
ventilation more efficient at bottom of lung as it is compressed so expands better on inspiration
adult haemoglobin Hba
foetal haemoglobin HbF
α2β2
α2γ2 has higher affinity for O2
anoxia
complete deprivation of O2
hypoxia
reduced O2 supply
hypercapnia
increased levels of CO2
cyanosis
reduced saturation of haemoglobin causes bluish discolouration of skin and mucous
peripheral chemoreceptors
aortic bodies on aortic arch (CN X to medullary respiratory centre)
carotid bodies in bifurcation of common carotid artery (CN IX) (more important, sense O2)
100% O2 response
15% CO2 response (faster than central chemoreceptors but less sensitive)
central chemoreceptor
monitor CO2 levels by sensing H+
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
adapting to high altitude (4)
hyperventilation
pulmonary pressure increases, more capillaries develop (risk of oedema- blood in lungs)
hypoxia increases 2,3-DPG causing O2 dissociation curve shift to right, lower affinity, more O2 to cells
red blood cell production (more viscous blood, heart works harder)
