Respiratory system

Question 1

bones of middle thing connecting the ribs

Answer 1

manubrium 
manubriosternal joint (sternal angle) T4/5
sternum 
xiphisternal joint 
xiphoid process T9/10

Question 2

true, false, floating ribs

Answer 2

1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
11-12 floating ribs

Question 3

first rib

Answer 3

scalenus anterior muscle attaches to scalenus tubercle
groove for subclavian vein is anterior to tubercle
groove for subclavian artery is posterior to tubercle

Question 4

neurovascular bundle

Answer 4

subcostal groove
intercostal vein
intercostal artery
intercostal nerve

Question 5

pleural cavity cleft is filled with fluid function (2)

Answer 5

lubrication

sticks lungs and chest wall together (surface tension)

Question 6

right lung

Answer 6

bigger, three lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
horizontal and oblique fissures
right bronchus shorter, wider, more vertical (more likely to lodge objects)

Question 7

left lung

Answer 7

smaller, two lobes (superior, inferior)
oblique fissure
groove for arch of aorta and descending aorta
cardiac impression

Question 8

hilum on mediastinal surface point towards each other

Answer 8

RALS
Right lung, artery is Anterior to bronchi
Left lung, artery is Superior to bronchi

Question 9

intercostal muscles

Answer 9

external intercostal muscles (hands in pockets)
internal intercostal muscles (hands on tits)
innermost layer (hands on tits)
subcostalis
transversus thoracis

Question 10

vagus and phrenic nerve in relation to hilum

Answer 10

phrenic nerve is anterior to hilum

vagus nerve is posterior to hilum

Question 11

phrenic nerve innervation

Answer 11

motor and sensory to diaphragm

sensory to pericardium of heart and pleura of lungs

Question 12

right phrenic nerve vs left

Answer 12

right enters via caval opening/ cavity (vena cava hiatus) with inferior vena cava
left enters by itself

Question 13

holes in diaphragm

Answer 13

caval opening/ cavity T8 - inferior VENA CAVA, right phrenic nerve

oesophageal hiatus T10 - OESOPHAGUS, oesophageal blood vessels, vagal trunks

AORTIC HIATUS T12 - aorta, thoracic duct , azygos vein

Question 14

muscles of relaxed and forced inspiration

Answer 14

diaphragm, external intercostals

sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

Question 15

muscles of relaxed and forced expiration

Answer 15

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

scalene, quadratus lumborum

Question 16

factors affecting work of breathing (2)

Answer 16

airway resistance 
lung compliance (elasticity) - how easy lungs can be filled and emptied

Question 17

tidal volume

Answer 17

volume of air displaced between expiration

Question 18

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 18

air forcefully exhaled out

Question 19

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 19

air forcefully inhaled in

Question 20

residual volume

Answer 20

air remaining in lungs after exhalation

Question 21

inspiratory capacity

Answer 21

volume of air that be be inspired after normal expiration

Question 22

vital capacity

Answer 22

maximum volume of air exhaled after maximum inhalation

Question 23

total lung capacity

Answer 23

maximum volume of air lungs can accommodate

Question 24

function residual capacity

Answer 24

resting volume when elastic pressure of lungs in chest wall out are equal

Question 25

FVC

Answer 25

forced vital capacity

volume of air during forced expiration

Question 26

FEV1

Answer 26

forced expired volume in 1 second

Question 27

dead space

Answer 27

air is ventilated but not perfused

Question 28

diffusion capacity equation

Answer 28

        driving partial pressure

Question 29

effect of gravity on ventilation

Answer 29

ventilation more efficient at bottom of lung as it is compressed so expands better on inspiration

Question 30

adult haemoglobin Hba

foetal haemoglobin HbF

Answer 30

α2β2

α2γ2 has higher affinity for O2

Question 31

anoxia

Answer 31

complete deprivation of O2

Question 32

hypoxia

Answer 32

reduced O2 supply

Question 33

hypercapnia

Answer 33

increased levels of CO2

Question 34

cyanosis

Answer 34

reduced saturation of haemoglobin causes bluish discolouration of skin and mucous

Question 35

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 35

aortic bodies on aortic arch (CN X to medullary respiratory centre)
carotid bodies in bifurcation of common carotid artery (CN IX) (more important, sense O2)

100% O2 response
15% CO2 response (faster than central chemoreceptors but less sensitive)

Question 36

central chemoreceptor

Answer 36

monitor CO2 levels by sensing H+

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Question 37

adapting to high altitude (4)

Answer 37

hyperventilation

pulmonary pressure increases, more capillaries develop (risk of oedema- blood in lungs)

hypoxia increases 2,3-DPG causing O2 dissociation curve shift to right, lower affinity, more O2 to cells

red blood cell production (more viscous blood, heart works harder)