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First year > Neurobiology - part 1 > Flashcards

Neurobiology - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

grey matter

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, synapses

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2
Q

white matter

A

axons and oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

types of glial cells

A

atrocytes - homeostatic regulators of neurons
oligodendrocyte - make myelin
microglia - macrophages of brain

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4
Q

peripheral sensitisation

A

nociceptors are sensitised A-delta and C fibres

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5
Q

central sensitisation

A

sensitisation within spinal cord/ brain (thalamus, amygdala)

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6
Q

allodynia

A

threshold of non-noxious stimuli is lowered

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7
Q

hyperalgesia

A

responsiveness to noxious stimuli increases

primary hyperalgesia - hyperalgesia at site of injury (C fibre sensitisation - peripheral mechanism implicated)
secondary hyperalgesia - hyperalgesia at uninjured areas (central mechanism implicated)

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8
Q

neuralgia

A

pain from nerves themselves

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9
Q

palsy

A

facial weakness due to tumours, stroke, trauma

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10
Q

brain is folded

A

gyrus - top of fold

sulcus - bottom of fold

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11
Q

two causes of stroke

A

ischaemia (blockage)

haemorrhage (bleed)

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12
Q

axon transport

A

using cytoskeleton filaments
fast anterograde - kinesin transports neurotransmitters and vesicles from cell body to axon terminal
slow anterograde - actin, myosin, microtubules carry soluble substances
fast retrograde - dynein transports lysosomes (containing surplus membrane, metabolites) from axon terminal to cell body

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13
Q

nernst potential

A

calculate voltage generated by specific ion at known concentration gradient across a membrane

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14
Q

types of Na+ channels

A

h gate - internal, inactivation (open in resting potential)

m gate - external, activation (open for depolarisation)

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15
Q

types of K+ channels

A

n gate - activation (open for repolarisation)

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16
Q

types of neurotransmitter receptors

A

ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels) - directly linked to ion channel
metabotropic (G-protein coupled receptors) - uses secondary messenger

17
Q

autonomic nervous system parasympathetic
fibres
neurotransmitters

A

preganglionic B fibres acetylcholine

postganglionic C fibres acetylcholine

18
Q

autonomic nervous system sympathetic fibres
fibres
neurotransmitters

A

preganglionic B fibres acetylcholine

postganglionic C fibres noradrenaline

19
Q

somatic nervous system

fibres to where

A

A-α fibres/ motoneuron to skeletal muscle

A-γ fibres/ motoneuron to muscle spindle

20
Q

nociceptors fibres

A

A-δ fibres sharp pain, faster, myelinated

C fibres dull pain, slower, unmyelinated

21
Q

dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

A

fine touch (discriminative)
1st neuron
- ipsilateral
- synapses at medulla at cuneate fasciculus nuclei (upper body), gracile fasciculus nuclei (lower body)
2nd neuron
- contralateral at medulla
- synpase at ventral posteriolateral nucleus at thalamus
3rd neuron
- to primary somatosensory cortex at post central gyrus

22
Q

anterolateral system/ spinothalamic tract

A

crude touch (non-discriminative), pain
1st neuron
- ipsilateral
- synapse at dorsal column in spinal cord
2nd neuron
- contralateral at spinal cord
- synapse at ventral posteriolateral nucleus at thalamus
3rd neuron
- to primary somatosensory cortex at post central gyrus

23
Q

trigeminothalamic system

A

fine touch (discriminative)
1st neuron
- ipsilateral enter pons via trigeminal ganglion
- synapse at chief/ principal sensory nucleus of TNC at medulla
2nd neuron
- contralateral at pons
- synapse at ventral posteriomedial nucleus at thalamus
3rd neuron
- sensory cortex at the post central gyrus

24
Q

pain and temperature system/ spinotrigeminal tract

A

crude touch (non-discriminative)
1st neuron
- ipsilateral enter pons via trigeminal ganglion
- synpase caudalis nuclei of spinal trigeminal nuclei of TNC at medulla
2nd neuron
- contralateral at medulla
- synapse at ventral posteriomedial nucleus at thalamus
3rd neuron
- sensory cortex at the post central gyrus

25
Q

somatogenic pain

A

with known cause localised in body tissue

e. g. nociceptive pain - activation of nociceptors
e. g. neuropatic pain - injury to nervous system

26
Q

psychogenic pain

A

no known physical cause but processing of sensitive information in CNS is disturbed

27
Q

nuclei for fine touch of the face

A

2nd and 3rd neuron synapse at chief/ principal sensory nucleus of TNC (CN V) at medulla

28
Q

nuclei for nociception of the face

A

2nd and 3rd neuron synpase caudalis nuclei of spinal trigeminal nuclei of TNC (CN V) at medulla

29
Q

plexus of Raschkow

A

A-δ and C fibres in core of pulp and cell rich zone of tooth for pulpal innervation and nociception

30
Q

sensory receptors of skin which are A-β fibres

A 
hair follicle (touch)
Meissner corpuscle (light touch) 
Merkel cell (light touch) 
Pacinian corpuscle (vibration, pressure) 
Ruffini endings (stretch, temperature)
31
Q

sensory receptors of skin which are A-δ and C fibres

A

free nerve ending (pain, heat, cold)

32
Q

tonic activity

A

sensory receptors continuously fire action potential

33
Q

rapid adapting mechanoreceptors (RA)

A

respond to application/ removal of stimulus (not maintained stimulus to prevent overstimulation)
e.g. hair follicle, Meissner corpuscle and Pacinian corpuscle

34
Q

slow adapting mechanoreceptors (SA)

A

slow increase and decrease in response to application and removal of stimulus and maintain firing
e.g. hair follicle, Merkel cell, Ruffini ending

35
Q

high discriminatory

A

small, numerous receptive field

36
Q

low discriminatory

A

large, sparse receptive field

37
Q

lateral inhibition

A

ability of activated neurons to inhibit activity of neighbouring neurons

38
Q

convergence

A

many bipolar neurons converge into one neuron to synapse with second order neuron
increases efficiency of response
(spatial summation?? many EPSPs from multiple neuron -> neuron)

39
Q

divergence

A

one neuron diverges into many neurons
increase response of brain to stimulation
(temporal summation?? many EPSPs from one neuron -> neuron)

First year (31 decks)

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