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First year > Blood/ Blot > Flashcards

Blood/ Blot Flashcards

1
Q

types of plasma proteins

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
transferrin

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2
Q

albumin

A

most abundant
contributes to oncotic pressure
carriers for vitamins, hormones, enzymes

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3
Q

globulins

A

clotting factors
immunoglobulins, antibodies
enzyme carrier

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4
Q

fibrinogen

A

forms fibrin threads for blood clotting

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5
Q

transferrin

A

iron transport

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6
Q

cellular elements of blood

A

erythrocytes (transport O2)
leukocytes (immune response) - granulocytes/ agranulocytes
thrombocytes (clotting response)

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7
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils - most abundant, phagocytosis
eosinophils - red granules, parasites, viruses, allergies
basophils - blue granules, histamine, allergies

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8
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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9
Q

haematocrit

A

same as packed cell volume (PCV)

% red blood cells in total blood volume

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10
Q

RBC count

A

number of RBCs in total blood volume

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11
Q

Hb concentration

A

mass of haemoglobin per unit volume of blood

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12
Q

MCV

stand for
meaning
normal range
equation

A 
mean corpuscular (cell) volume
average RBC volume

83-96fl

MCV = haematocrit or PVC/ RBC count

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13
Q

MCH

stand for
meaning
normal range
equation

A 
mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin content 
average Hb mass per RBC

27-32pg

MCH = Hb concentration/ RBC count

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14
Q

MCHC

stand for
meaning
normal range
equation

A 
mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin concentration 
average Hb concentration per RBC

300-350g/L

MCHC = Hb concentration/ haematocrit or PVC

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15
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

contains water, electrocytes, proteins, cells

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16
Q

serum

A

clear liquid from separated clotted blood

contains proteins e.g. antigens, antibodies, hormones

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17
Q

haemopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells and platelets in bone marrow stimulated by cytokines

originate from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
all cells follow myeloid line
except lymphocytes follow lymphoid line

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18
Q

cytokines

A

stimulate haemopoiesis assisted by erythropoietin

stimulated by hypoxia

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19
Q

erythropoiesis

A

committed precursors -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

stimulated by anaemia (low RBC) to secrete erythropoietin (EPO)

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20
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

thrombocytes produced by megakaryocytes

stimulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
negative feedback as platelets bind and destroy TPO

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21
Q

leukopoiesis

A

leukocyte production

leukaemia is cancer of white blood cells

22
Q

granulopoiesis

A

myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> granulocyte

23
Q

monopoiesis

A

monoblast -> promonocyte -> mature monocyte –stimulation-> macrophage

24
Q

cluster of differentiation (CD)

A

surface molecules used to differentiate and purify cells

25
Q

how is shape of RBC maintained

A

actin and spectrin

26
Q

adventures of haem

A

Fe ingested from diet
Active transport into blood in intestine
Fe binds to transferrin
Transported to bone marrow (to liver if in excess)
Bone marrow makes haemoglobin and RBC which enter blood
In spleen, haemoglobin -> bilirubin
In kidney, bilirubin metabolises and excreted as urine
In liver, bilirubin metabolises and excreted in bile in faeces

27
Q

absorption of Fe from diet

A

diet form - ferric form Fe3+ (non haem)
Fe3+ + e- -> Fe2+ reduced by reducing agents e.g. stomach acid, vitamin C
absorbed - ferrous form Fe2+ (haem)

28
Q

two factors affecting Hb’s affinity for O2

A

ppO2 determines % saturation of haemoglobin

number of free O2 binding sites available in molecule

29
Q

ways anaemia can occur (3)

A

excess loss
failure of production
excess destruction

30
Q

3 ways for haemostasis

A

vasoconstriction
platelet aggregation
coagulation

31
Q

haemostasis

A

stopping the flow of blood (by clotting???)

32
Q

vasoconstriction

A

smooth muscle in walls of arteries constrict when damage occurs
pressure on wound reduces, reduces blood flow

33
Q

platelet aggregation

A

1) megakaryocytes produce platelets and release von Willebrands factor (VWF)
2) collagen exposure and VWF initiates platelet adhesion
3) active platelets release serotonin (vasoconstriction) and ADP (aggregation)
4) platelets and phagocytes release platelet activating factor (PAF)
5) PAF activates more platelets and stimulates them to release thromboxane A2 (vasoconstriction and aggregation)

34
Q

coagulation

A

requires vitamin K to modify protein for Ca2+ to bind
two pathways lead to common pathway

intrinsic pathway
- initiated by exposure to collagen activates factor XII already present in plasma
- XII -> XI -> IX -> VIII
extrinsic pathway
- initiated by damaged tissue which release thromboplastin factor III and activates factor VII
common pathway
- factor VII+III and VIII trigger factor X
- prothrombin –factor X–> thrombin (factor II)
- fibrinogen –factor II–> fibrin (makes up thrombus)
- factor II activates factor XIII to stabilise clots by cross linking fibrin

35
Q

anticoagulation inhibits continuous clotting

A

herapin, antithrombin and thrombomodulin block thrombin, factors IX, X, XI, XII

protein C blocks factors V, VIII

36
Q

fibrinolysis

A

fibrin broken down into fragments by plasmin

plasminogen –thrombin factor II–> plasmin

37
Q

haemophilia

A

factor VIII (A) or factor IX (B) deficient so no clotting

38
Q

innate immunity

A

non-specific immunity e.g. physical, chemical barriers, phagocytosis

39
Q

specific acquired (adaptive) immunity

A

specific to non-self antigens generates antibody response and memory

40
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibodies (B cell)

41
Q

cellular immunity

A

activated T cells (help B cells) directly kill infected cells

42
Q

how do antibodies work

A

opsonisation (mark)
agglutination
neutralisation

43
Q

adventures of neutrophil

A

reserves of neutrophil in bone marrow are released into blood
neutrophils enter infected tissue
engulf and kill bacteria
neutrophils die in tissue, engulfed and degraded by macrophages

44
Q

ABO blood group system

A

AB are codominant

O is recessive to both

45
Q

phenotype A

A

genotype AA or AO
anti-B antibodies
only able to receive from A and O groups

46
Q

phenotype B

A

genotype BB or BO
anti-A antibodies
only able to receive from B and O groups

47
Q

phenotype O

A

genotype OO
anti-A and B antibodies
only able to receive from O groups
universal donor as no antigens on its surface

48
Q

phenotype AB

A

genotype AB
no antibodies to A or B
universal recipient

49
Q

what occurs when incompatible blood mix

A

agglutination results in vascular problems

antibodies of recipient recognise donor RBC antigens

50
Q

rhesus blood group system

A

D antigen on surface of RBC is Rh +ve

if not then Rh -ve

51
Q

Rh -ve mother and rh +ve leaky blood

A

mother antibodies attack fetus RBC causing anaemia and haemolysis

First year (31 decks)

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