Blood/ Blot Flashcards

1
Q

types of plasma proteins

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
transferrin

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2
Q

albumin

A

most abundant
contributes to oncotic pressure
carriers for vitamins, hormones, enzymes

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3
Q

globulins

A

clotting factors
immunoglobulins, antibodies
enzyme carrier

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4
Q

fibrinogen

A

forms fibrin threads for blood clotting

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5
Q

transferrin

A

iron transport

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6
Q

cellular elements of blood

A

erythrocytes (transport O2)
leukocytes (immune response) - granulocytes/ agranulocytes
thrombocytes (clotting response)

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7
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils - most abundant, phagocytosis
eosinophils - red granules, parasites, viruses, allergies
basophils - blue granules, histamine, allergies

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8
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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9
Q

haematocrit

A

same as packed cell volume (PCV)

% red blood cells in total blood volume

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10
Q

RBC count

A

number of RBCs in total blood volume

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11
Q

Hb concentration

A

mass of haemoglobin per unit volume of blood

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12
Q

MCV

stand for
meaning
normal range
equation

A
mean corpuscular (cell) volume
average RBC volume 

83-96fl

MCV = haematocrit or PVC/ RBC count

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13
Q

MCH

stand for
meaning
normal range
equation

A
mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin content 
average Hb mass per RBC

27-32pg

MCH = Hb concentration/ RBC count

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14
Q

MCHC

stand for
meaning
normal range
equation

A
mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin concentration 
average Hb concentration per RBC 

300-350g/L

MCHC = Hb concentration/ haematocrit or PVC

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15
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

contains water, electrocytes, proteins, cells

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16
Q

serum

A

clear liquid from separated clotted blood

contains proteins e.g. antigens, antibodies, hormones

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17
Q

haemopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells and platelets in bone marrow stimulated by cytokines

originate from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
all cells follow myeloid line
except lymphocytes follow lymphoid line

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18
Q

cytokines

A

stimulate haemopoiesis assisted by erythropoietin

stimulated by hypoxia

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19
Q

erythropoiesis

A

committed precursors -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

stimulated by anaemia (low RBC) to secrete erythropoietin (EPO)

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20
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

thrombocytes produced by megakaryocytes

stimulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
negative feedback as platelets bind and destroy TPO

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21
Q

leukopoiesis

A

leukocyte production

leukaemia is cancer of white blood cells

22
Q

granulopoiesis

A

myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> granulocyte

23
Q

monopoiesis

A

monoblast -> promonocyte -> mature monocyte –stimulation-> macrophage

24
Q

cluster of differentiation (CD)

A

surface molecules used to differentiate and purify cells

25
how is shape of RBC maintained
actin and spectrin
26
adventures of haem
Fe ingested from diet Active transport into blood in intestine Fe binds to transferrin Transported to bone marrow (to liver if in excess) Bone marrow makes haemoglobin and RBC which enter blood In spleen, haemoglobin -> bilirubin In kidney, bilirubin metabolises and excreted as urine In liver, bilirubin metabolises and excreted in bile in faeces
27
absorption of Fe from diet
diet form - ferric form Fe3+ (non haem) Fe3+ + e- -> Fe2+ reduced by reducing agents e.g. stomach acid, vitamin C absorbed - ferrous form Fe2+ (haem)
28
two factors affecting Hb's affinity for O2
ppO2 determines % saturation of haemoglobin | number of free O2 binding sites available in molecule
29
ways anaemia can occur (3)
excess loss failure of production excess destruction
30
3 ways for haemostasis
vasoconstriction platelet aggregation coagulation
31
haemostasis
stopping the flow of blood (by clotting???)
32
vasoconstriction
smooth muscle in walls of arteries constrict when damage occurs pressure on wound reduces, reduces blood flow
33
platelet aggregation
1) megakaryocytes produce platelets and release von Willebrands factor (VWF) 2) collagen exposure and VWF initiates platelet adhesion 3) active platelets release serotonin (vasoconstriction) and ADP (aggregation) 4) platelets and phagocytes release platelet activating factor (PAF) 5) PAF activates more platelets and stimulates them to release thromboxane A2 (vasoconstriction and aggregation)
34
coagulation
requires vitamin K to modify protein for Ca2+ to bind two pathways lead to common pathway intrinsic pathway - initiated by exposure to collagen activates factor XII already present in plasma - XII -> XI -> IX -> VIII extrinsic pathway - initiated by damaged tissue which release thromboplastin factor III and activates factor VII common pathway - factor VII+III and VIII trigger factor X - prothrombin --factor X--> thrombin (factor II) - fibrinogen --factor II--> fibrin (makes up thrombus) - factor II activates factor XIII to stabilise clots by cross linking fibrin
35
anticoagulation inhibits continuous clotting
herapin, antithrombin and thrombomodulin block thrombin, factors IX, X, XI, XII protein C blocks factors V, VIII
36
fibrinolysis
fibrin broken down into fragments by plasmin | plasminogen --thrombin factor II--> plasmin
37
haemophilia
factor VIII (A) or factor IX (B) deficient so no clotting
38
innate immunity
non-specific immunity e.g. physical, chemical barriers, phagocytosis
39
specific acquired (adaptive) immunity
specific to non-self antigens generates antibody response and memory
40
humoral immunity
antibodies (B cell)
41
cellular immunity
activated T cells (help B cells) directly kill infected cells
42
how do antibodies work
opsonisation (mark) agglutination neutralisation
43
adventures of neutrophil
reserves of neutrophil in bone marrow are released into blood neutrophils enter infected tissue engulf and kill bacteria neutrophils die in tissue, engulfed and degraded by macrophages
44
ABO blood group system
AB are codominant | O is recessive to both
45
phenotype A
genotype AA or AO anti-B antibodies only able to receive from A and O groups
46
phenotype B
genotype BB or BO anti-A antibodies only able to receive from B and O groups
47
phenotype O
genotype OO anti-A and B antibodies only able to receive from O groups universal donor as no antigens on its surface
48
phenotype AB
genotype AB no antibodies to A or B universal recipient
49
what occurs when incompatible blood mix
agglutination results in vascular problems | antibodies of recipient recognise donor RBC antigens
50
rhesus blood group system
D antigen on surface of RBC is Rh +ve | if not then Rh -ve
51
Rh -ve mother and rh +ve leaky blood
mother antibodies attack fetus RBC causing anaemia and haemolysis