Blood/ Blot Flashcards
types of plasma proteins
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
transferrin
albumin
most abundant
contributes to oncotic pressure
carriers for vitamins, hormones, enzymes
globulins
clotting factors
immunoglobulins, antibodies
enzyme carrier
fibrinogen
forms fibrin threads for blood clotting
transferrin
iron transport
cellular elements of blood
erythrocytes (transport O2)
leukocytes (immune response) - granulocytes/ agranulocytes
thrombocytes (clotting response)
granulocytes
neutrophils - most abundant, phagocytosis
eosinophils - red granules, parasites, viruses, allergies
basophils - blue granules, histamine, allergies
agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
haematocrit
same as packed cell volume (PCV)
% red blood cells in total blood volume
RBC count
number of RBCs in total blood volume
Hb concentration
mass of haemoglobin per unit volume of blood
MCV
stand for
meaning
normal range
equation
mean corpuscular (cell) volume average RBC volume
83-96fl
MCV = haematocrit or PVC/ RBC count
MCH
stand for
meaning
normal range
equation
mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin content average Hb mass per RBC
27-32pg
MCH = Hb concentration/ RBC count
MCHC
stand for
meaning
normal range
equation
mean corpuscular (cell) haemoglobin concentration average Hb concentration per RBC
300-350g/L
MCHC = Hb concentration/ haematocrit or PVC
plasma
fluid portion of blood
contains water, electrocytes, proteins, cells
serum
clear liquid from separated clotted blood
contains proteins e.g. antigens, antibodies, hormones
haemopoiesis
formation of blood cells and platelets in bone marrow stimulated by cytokines
originate from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
all cells follow myeloid line
except lymphocytes follow lymphoid line
cytokines
stimulate haemopoiesis assisted by erythropoietin
stimulated by hypoxia
erythropoiesis
committed precursors -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
stimulated by anaemia (low RBC) to secrete erythropoietin (EPO)
thrombopoiesis
thrombocytes produced by megakaryocytes
stimulated by thrombopoietin (TPO)
negative feedback as platelets bind and destroy TPO
leukopoiesis
leukocyte production
leukaemia is cancer of white blood cells
granulopoiesis
myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> granulocyte
monopoiesis
monoblast -> promonocyte -> mature monocyte –stimulation-> macrophage
cluster of differentiation (CD)
surface molecules used to differentiate and purify cells
how is shape of RBC maintained
actin and spectrin
adventures of haem
Fe ingested from diet
Active transport into blood in intestine
Fe binds to transferrin
Transported to bone marrow (to liver if in excess)
Bone marrow makes haemoglobin and RBC which enter blood
In spleen, haemoglobin -> bilirubin
In kidney, bilirubin metabolises and excreted as urine
In liver, bilirubin metabolises and excreted in bile in faeces
absorption of Fe from diet
diet form - ferric form Fe3+ (non haem)
Fe3+ + e- -> Fe2+ reduced by reducing agents e.g. stomach acid, vitamin C
absorbed - ferrous form Fe2+ (haem)
two factors affecting Hb’s affinity for O2
ppO2 determines % saturation of haemoglobin
number of free O2 binding sites available in molecule
ways anaemia can occur (3)
excess loss
failure of production
excess destruction
3 ways for haemostasis
vasoconstriction
platelet aggregation
coagulation
haemostasis
stopping the flow of blood (by clotting???)
vasoconstriction
smooth muscle in walls of arteries constrict when damage occurs
pressure on wound reduces, reduces blood flow
platelet aggregation
1) megakaryocytes produce platelets and release von Willebrands factor (VWF)
2) collagen exposure and VWF initiates platelet adhesion
3) active platelets release serotonin (vasoconstriction) and ADP (aggregation)
4) platelets and phagocytes release platelet activating factor (PAF)
5) PAF activates more platelets and stimulates them to release thromboxane A2 (vasoconstriction and aggregation)
coagulation
requires vitamin K to modify protein for Ca2+ to bind
two pathways lead to common pathway
intrinsic pathway
- initiated by exposure to collagen activates factor XII already present in plasma
- XII -> XI -> IX -> VIII
extrinsic pathway
- initiated by damaged tissue which release thromboplastin factor III and activates factor VII
common pathway
- factor VII+III and VIII trigger factor X
- prothrombin –factor X–> thrombin (factor II)
- fibrinogen –factor II–> fibrin (makes up thrombus)
- factor II activates factor XIII to stabilise clots by cross linking fibrin
anticoagulation inhibits continuous clotting
herapin, antithrombin and thrombomodulin block thrombin, factors IX, X, XI, XII
protein C blocks factors V, VIII
fibrinolysis
fibrin broken down into fragments by plasmin
plasminogen –thrombin factor II–> plasmin
haemophilia
factor VIII (A) or factor IX (B) deficient so no clotting
innate immunity
non-specific immunity e.g. physical, chemical barriers, phagocytosis
specific acquired (adaptive) immunity
specific to non-self antigens generates antibody response and memory
humoral immunity
antibodies (B cell)
cellular immunity
activated T cells (help B cells) directly kill infected cells
how do antibodies work
opsonisation (mark)
agglutination
neutralisation
adventures of neutrophil
reserves of neutrophil in bone marrow are released into blood
neutrophils enter infected tissue
engulf and kill bacteria
neutrophils die in tissue, engulfed and degraded by macrophages
ABO blood group system
AB are codominant
O is recessive to both
phenotype A
genotype AA or AO
anti-B antibodies
only able to receive from A and O groups
phenotype B
genotype BB or BO
anti-A antibodies
only able to receive from B and O groups
phenotype O
genotype OO
anti-A and B antibodies
only able to receive from O groups
universal donor as no antigens on its surface
phenotype AB
genotype AB
no antibodies to A or B
universal recipient
what occurs when incompatible blood mix
agglutination results in vascular problems
antibodies of recipient recognise donor RBC antigens
rhesus blood group system
D antigen on surface of RBC is Rh +ve
if not then Rh -ve
Rh -ve mother and rh +ve leaky blood
mother antibodies attack fetus RBC causing anaemia and haemolysis
