Use Basic TCP/IP Concepts Flashcards
Lessson 5B
is set of rules that allows networked hosts to communicate data in a structured format.
protocol
is responsible for finding the destination address for data
Network layer
Internet Protocol (IP)
is responsible for delivering the data to that destination. can identify and recover from lost or out-of-order packets, mitigating the inherent unreliability of IP.
transport layer
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
a collection of protocols that govern how data is exchanged on the internet.
* Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A connection-oriented protocol that ensures data is delivered
- Internet Protocol (IP): Defines how to address and route network packets
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP): An alternative to TCP that’s less reliable but ideal for streaming
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite
This layer is responsible for putting frames onto the physical network. is packaged in a unit called a frame and node interfaces are identified by a MAC address.
* wifi
* cable modems
* DSL modems
Link or Network Interface layer
which allows a host to query which MAC address is associated with an IP address.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
provides unreliable, connectionless
forwarding. makes sending data faster and can be tolerated glitches/squeak in videos/audio.
transport layer
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
This layer are numerous application protocols, used to configure and manage network hosts and to operate services, such as the web and email. Each application protocol uses a TCP or UDP port to allow a client to connect to a server.
Application Layer
Two of the most important header fields are the source and destination IP address fields, comes in dotted decimal form of 4 octects(8 bits) converted from 1’s & 0’s. may be any value between 0.0.0.0 and 255.255.255.255 and are assigned.
Internet Protocol (IP)
IPv4 Addressing
An IPv4 address provides two pieces of information encoded within the same value:
* The network number (network ID) is common to all hosts on the same IP network.
* The host number (host ID) identifies a host within a particular IP network.
Network Prefixes
is a 32-bit number that identifies the network and host portions of an IP address. The mask is typically expressed in two formats: decimal (e.g., 255.255. 255.0) and prefix (e.g., /24).
IP address
subnet mask aka prefix mask
the process where a network device, like a router, receives incoming network packets on one interface and then directs them to the appropriate network interface to reach their intended destination
transport layer
IPv4 Forwarding
is the IP address of a router interface that the host can use to forward packets to other networks.
default gateway
addresses are allocated to customers networks by ISPs.
public IP address
addresses from these ranges are not allowed to route traffic over the public Internet. Use of the addresses is confined to private LANs.
* 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class A
* 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class B
* 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Class C
private addressing aka RFC 1918
subnet mask for a network depends on the class of the network which is a further breakdown of networks within networks.
Default subnet mask
private ip to public internet
router uses to convert between the private and public addresses or Through a proxy server that fulfills requests for Internet resources on behalf
of clients.
network address translation (NAT)
setting a unique IP address for a device on a network, typically consisting of four octets (numbers between 0 and 255) separated by periods, where the first portion identifies the network and the remaining part uniquely identifies the host within that network;
IPv4 Host Address Configuration
a permanent number assigned to a device on a network.
static IP address
is the IPv4 address of a router, such as
192.168.0.1
default gateway
is a network system that translates human-readable domain names (like “google.com”) into machine-readable IP addresses
Domain Name System (DNS)
a host can receive its IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses from a
dynamic host
configuration protocol (DHCP) server.
a host is using an ….address ( ranging 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254) by Windows, it can communicate with other hosts on the same network that are using ….. but cannot reach other networks or communicate with hosts that have managed to obtain a valid DHCP lease.
automatic private IP addressing (APIPA).
a router has multiple interfaces, Both interfaces must be configured with an IP address and subnet mask:
* public digital modem interface to connect to the ISP (ISP’s DHCP server).
* private Ethernet interface on the LAN (router’s DHCP)
SOHO Router Configuration
address is a 128-bit number and so can express
exponentially more address values that the 32-bit number used in IPv4. Hexadecimal with two parts of Network/Interface ID number each 64bits (2001:0db8:0000:0000:0abc:0000:def0:1234)
IPv6
is one that is unique on the Internet IP address that starts with a 2 or 3
IPv6 address
global address
IP addresses are used on the local segment to communicate with neighbor hosts. In hex notation, link-local addresses start with (fe80::)
IPv6 addressing
Link-local addresses
most hosts obtain a global
and link-local address via the local router.
IPv6
StateLess
Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC).
is used to implement SLAAC, allows a host to discover a router, and performs the interface
address querying functions performed by ARP in IPv4.
IPv6
Neighbor Discovery (ND).
most hosts and routers can operate both IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time.
IP addressing
Dual Stack
convert an IP address to binary, perform the calculation and then convert back to the IPv4 decimal number representation known as a dotted quad. The same procedure works for 128-bit IPv6 addresses.
Subnet Mask Calculation
a way of writing numerical data, particularly IP addresses, where each group of digits (called an octet) is separated by a period (dot), with each octet representing a decimal number between 0 and 255;
Dotted Decimal format
