Urology And Nephrology

Question 1

In the cortex of the kidney, the proximal tubule is the site of approximately how much H2O reabsorption as opposed to the descending LoH in the outer medulla?

Answer 1

PT: ~67% H2O reabsorbed

dLoH: ~30% H2O reabsorbed

Question 2

What part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus senses BP?

Answer 2

The AFFERENT arteriole

Question 3

What does aldosterone do at the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 3

Increases:

Na+ absorption, blood volume, and BP

Question 4

What does the kidney make/produce?

Answer 4

Erythropoietin,
1-25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol (“Calcitriol”/activated vitamin D)
And Renin

Question 5

Define Azotemia…

Answer 5

Abnormal increase in the concentration of non-protein nitrogenous wastes (e.g. urea, creatinine) in the blood,

Due to compromised perfusion, parenchymal dz, or obstruction
(Pre-renal, renal, or post-renal causes, respectively…)

Question 6

Define Renal Failure…

Answer 6

The clinical syndrome that occurs when kidneys are no longer able to maintain:

1. Regulatory function
2. Excretory function
3. Endocrine function

When >75% of nephron population is non-functional

Question 7

What percentage of the kidney needs to be destroyed before the ability to concentrate urine is lost?

Answer 7

~67%

Question 8

Define Renal Disease…

Answer 8

The presence of morphological or functional lesions in one or both kidneys regardless of extent

Question 9

Define Uremia…

Answer 9

Constellation of clinical signs and biochemical abnormalities associated with critical loss of functional nephrons

*Includes the extra-renal manifestations of renal failure (e.g. uremic gastropathy, hyperparathyroidism)