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SAM II > Ophtho - Exam > Flashcards

Ophtho - Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Normal intraocular pressure in the dog and cat?

A

10-20 mmHg

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2
Q

Most appropriate MDx…?

A

Episcleritis

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3
Q

What are we looking at?

A

canine glaucoma
and lens subluxation

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4
Q

A cat presents to you with apparent signs of a chronic URT infection and the eye looks like this. What is this called and what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

symblepharon;
pathopneumonic for FHV-1

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5
Q

Mrs. Johnson just adopted a third cat. The new 5 month old kitten is getting to know the other cats, but seems to still be adjusting (she’s stressed). The kitten was brought in and presented with this eye. What do we call this? What are you suspecting?

A

Chemosis (conjunctival edema);
​Chlamydia

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6
Q

Identify the pathology.

A

Feline Corneal (stromal) Sequestrum

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7
Q

What are 4 brachycephalic risk factors for corneal ulcers?

A
  1. Ocular prominence
  2. Decreased corneal sensitivity (blink less, react less)
  3. Adnexal abnormalities
  4. Tear film abnormalities
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8
Q

What type of ulcer is this?

A

Simple, uncomplicated, superficial

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9
Q

What type of ulcer is this and how do you know?

A

Complicated, Superficial,
INDOLENT ulcer…

the fluorescein dye makes a unique halo
from staining beyond the epithelial margins

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10
Q

Visual impairment,
Lens-Induced Uveitis,
(secondary) Glaucoma,
and Retinal detachment
are all sequelae of ….?

A

Cataracts

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11
Q

What is the surgery indicated (only proven and effective therapy) for cataracts?

A

Phacoemulsification
(breaking up of lens cortex and nucleus with a tool that irrigates and aspirates,
then the lens is replaced)

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12
Q

How do we differentiate buphthalmos from exophthalmos?

A

IOP
greater in buphthalmos

Corneal Diameter
will be larger in buphthalmos

Check for Lens Luxation
can happen secondary to buphthalmos
(normal in exophthalmos)

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13
Q

What term indicates movement of the iris and is usually supportive of lens luxation?

A

iridodonesis

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14
Q

Term for inflammation of the cornea;
usu. evident by presence/corneal ulceration, corneal infiltrate, or blood vessels

A

Keratitis

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15
Q

Term for inflammation of the cornea
that is caused by lack of sensory innervation
(Ophthalmic br./ CN V)

A

neurotrophic keratitis

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16
Q

How is retropulsion a useful test?

A

Good for assessing symmetry and detecting dz of the orbit or space-occupying dz behind the globe

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17
Q

When you apply fluorescein day to ocular surface of a patient, and shortly thereafter it appears at the nares, this demonstrates nasolacrimal patency. What test is this?

A

Positive Jones test

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18
Q

When you apply fluorescein dye to the ocular surface of a patient, and subsequent aqueous humor is observed leaking thru dense fluorescein stain, this confirms corneal perforation. What test is this?

A

Positive Seidel test

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19
Q

What even is uveitis?

(beyond inflammation of the uvea…)

A

defined as a brkdwn of blood ocular barrier

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20
Q

Vision loss that occurs from optic nerve damage as a result of high intraocular pressure is also known as?

A

Glaucoma

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21
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflammation of the eyelid

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22
Q

Term for abnormal enlargement and position of the eyeball, only caused by glaucoma…

A

Buphthalmos

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23
Q

When proteins are suspended in the anterior chamber that become evident when a narrow, bright, and focused light source is directed at the eye, what is going on?

A
  • *Aqueous Flare**
  • this is pathognomonic sign of uveitis*
24
Q

Orbital neoplasia*,
orbital cellulitis/abscess**,
zygomatic salivary gland mucocoele,
MMM,
extraocular myositis,
and retrobulbar hemorrhage

are all common causes of what?
(d/t orbital volume imbalance)

A

EXOPHTHALMOS!
* & ** = most common 2 conditions in k9

**=working dogs & stick chewers

25
Q

How do we treat exophthalmos d/t orbital neoplasia?

A
  1. Globe sparing- most often palliative
    * radiation, Sx exploration, ChemoTx*
  2. Globe removal:
    Enucleation
    or
    ​Exenteration (Enucleation + removal of all orbital contents)
26
Q

3 common mechanisms for enophthalmos

A
  1. Orbital volume imbalances
  2. Active globe retraction [ocular pain]
    (skeletal mm.**—>retractor bulbi- **CN VI)
  3. Passive globe retraction
    (Smooth mm./periorbital cone—>Horner’s Syndrome)
27
Q

Horner’s Syndrome is considered sympathetic denervation to the eye and what else?

A

also denervation to ocular adnexa!

*third eyelid protrudes bc it’s passively elevating on its own*

28
Q

T or F:
Neither microphthalmos nor phthisis bulbi are usually painful.

A

Truth.

29
Q

Define proptosis

A

anterior displacement of the globe such that the eyelids are caught behind the equator of the globe

lids contract, constricts venous return—>swelling
*usu involves minimal trauma*

30
Q

Brachycephalic dogs,
< 3 extraocular mm torn,
and positive direct and consensual PLRs

Are considered to indicate what type of prognosis in proptosis?

A

A GOOD ONE!!

(Better than that of cats & dolichocephalic k9s)

31
Q

With regard to proptosis complications, which extraocular m.is shortest and most easily torn, resulting in strabismus?

A

medial rectus

(CN III- also innervates D,V, and Ventral Oblique mm.)

32
Q

What do we call the conical bony structure that is part of the adnexa and contains the eyeball and periorbital cone?

A

bony orbit

33
Q

Term for eyelashes (cilia) which emerge from the Meibomian (tarsal) glands

A

Distichia

34
Q

Term for hairs growing from normal skin that reach the corneal and/or conjunctival surface. Technically, entropion causes this.

A
35
Q

Term for cilia that protrudes thru the palpebral conjunctiva.
typically cause severe intermittent pain and cause corneal ulceration

A
36
Q

CN responsible for sensory protection of eyelid skin?

A

CN V: maxillary and ophthalmic brr.

37
Q

Dysfunction of which muscles will cause ptosis?

A

levator palpebrae superioris (CN III: general somatic efferent)

& Muller’s mm. (General visceral efferent)

(both open upper eyelid)

38
Q

Which muscle closes the eyelids like a zipper and what CN is it innervated by?

A 
orbicularis oculi 
CN VII (general somatic efferent)

dysfunction —> lagophthalmos

39
Q

What’s the holding layer for surgical eyelid closure?

A

the fibrous and glandular layer of the eyelid
(AKA THE TARSUS!)

40
Q

What category of entropion is related to ocular pain that stimulates active globe retraction?

A

Blepharospasm associated entropion

41
Q

What are some causes of blepharospasm associated entropion?

A

chronic ocular surface pain-
from keratitis, conjunctivitis or both

42
Q

What’s the permanent correction for Entropion?

A

Modified Hotz-Celsus
*rolls out the eyelid*

43
Q

4 common causes of Lagophthalmos

A
  1. Breed variation
  2. Exophthalmos
  3. Buphthalmos
  4. CN V or CN VII dysfunction
44
Q

CN ___ closes the eyelid whereas CN ___ opens it

A

VII;

III

45
Q

Which CN provides sensory input to the eyelid and is easily detected by abnormal palpebral reflex?

A

CN V (Max & ophthalmic brr.)

46
Q

Eyelid abnormality via ptosis presenting with mydriasis is most likely indicative of what type of lesion?

A

CN III

*less common than a sympathetic pathway lesion tho - feature of Horner’s Syndrome)

47
Q

Most common etiology of Horner’s Syndrome?

A

idiopathic

*post-ganglionic; resolves in 6-8 wks*

48
Q

What is the aggressive Tx for trichiasis?

A

facial fold resection
or
medial canthoplasty

49
Q

If distichia (ciliar that emerge from meibomian glands) is causing corneal/conjunctival dz, how would we treat?

A

cryotherapy (cryoepilation)

*this is also how we treat ectopic cilia!*

50
Q

T or F:
ectopic cilia is hair/cilia protruding thru palpebral conjunctiva and is commonly seen in brachycephalic breeds

A

TRUE:
commonly causes severe pain and corneal dz

51
Q

What are 3 common factors to consider in canine eyelid tumors?

A
  1. Irritation
  2. Size
  3. Location
52
Q

Treatment options for k9 eyelid tumors

A
  1. Debulk and cryotherapy
  2. Complete excision

*always submit for histopath!*

53
Q

4 key concepts in understanding closure of eyelid margin defects

A
  1. Limited debridement
    ​2. Closure must be perfect (figure 8 suture pattern at margin)
    ​3. Avoid full thickness suture bites
  2. Tarsus is holding layer
54
Q

If we don’t treat a prolapsed gland of TEL, what could happen

A

chronic conjunctivitis

KCS

55
Q

2 common techniques for treating prolapsed TEL to replace the gland into its normal position

A
  1. Morgan pocket technique
  2. Orbital tacking
56
Q
A

SAM II (24 decks)

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