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SAM II > Tumors Of The Urogenital Tract > Flashcards

Tumors Of The Urogenital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Scottish terriers are at the highest risk for what?

A

Bladder neoplasia

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2
Q

T or F:
Herbicide exposure is associated with an increased risk of TCC.

A

True *newer spot-on type flea control products (i.e. containing fipronil) = safer and not associated with TCC*

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3
Q

T or F:
Studies have found that high risk breeds had a reduced risk of TCC when fed vegetables at least 3x/week along w/their normal diet.

A

True.

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4
Q

Why is TCC most commonly located at the trigone of the bladder in dogs?

A

dogs never truly VOID their bladder - that little bit of residual urine tends to pool at the level of the trigone - so that region gets the most contact exposure to environmental intoxicants

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5
Q

After detecting a palpable mass (bladder) in abdomen on a dog, you perform a rectal exam and find thickened urethra/iliac lymph nodes. What is your suspicion?

A

TCC

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6
Q

What is the “gold standard” for TCC diagnosis?

A

Cystosonography (Also cystoscopy with biopsy- but more invasive)

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7
Q

What is Dr. Cavanaugh’s suggestion (“general reservation”) for partial cystectomy in dogs with urinary bladder neoplasia (TCC)?

A

Reserved for solitary masses located in the apex of the bladder that do not have regional or systemic metastasis

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8
Q

What is the likely mechanism of the antineoplastic effects of NSAIDS on TCC patients?

A

Inhibition of COX-2:
due to the lack of expression in normal bladder epithelium and its substantial expression in TCC suggest that this isoform may be involved in tumor cell growth

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9
Q

What is the common chemotherapy protocol used in clinics for non-surgical treatment of TCC?

A

Mitoxantrone w/piroxicam (aka feldane)

MST: 8months

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10
Q

Since we don’t want to use the “standard” cyclophosphamide (d/t acrolein metabolite accumulation and the sensitivity of the bladder, etc), what alternative metronomic chemotherapy might we administer to treat dogs with TCC?

A

Chlorambucil
MST: ~6months

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11
Q

Concerning TCC treatment outcomes summary, what is the most favorable situation and outcome?

A

Surgery (non-trigonal; at the apex, so a partial cystectomy)
with chemo

MST: ~2years

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12
Q

What is the most successful placement method of indwelling, double-pigtail stents for treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction in dogs?

A

Percutaneous antegrade

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13
Q

What is the most common tumor in female dogs?

A

Mammary gland tumors

*breeds: pointers, Irish setters, spaniels, labs

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14
Q

What breed of cat is associated with mammary tumors at a younger age and higher rate of lymphatic invasion?

A

Siamese

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15
Q

Mammary gland tumors in dogs tend to be in the more caudal (4th and 5th) glands, whereas MG tumors in cats…..

A

Are affected equally w/no side or site predilection

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16
Q

Which species is more likely to develop malignant carcinoma from mammary gland tumors?

A

Cats

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17
Q

How does body weight during puberty contribute to risk factors in canines with regard to mammary tumors?

A

Underweight=protective

18
Q

If you spay a dog before its 1st estrus, what is the lifetime risk for MGT?

A

0.5%

19
Q

What is the benefit of OHE after 4 years of age in a dog with regard to risk of MGT?

A

None; no benefits

20
Q

What is the one time you can have tumor seeding with an FNA?

A

Uroepithelial neoplasms!

21
Q

What might we find on rectal exam in diagnosing TCC?

A

Thickened urethra/iliac lymph nodes

22
Q

What’s the preferred modality in diagnosing TCC?

A

Cytosonography (US)

23
Q

Which isoenzyme of COX is constitutively expressed in many normal tissues, including the epithelium of the urinary bladder in dogs?

A

COX-1!

24
Q

Which isoenzyme of COX is induced in inflammation and has also been found to be expressed in epithelial malignancies, including humans and canine TCC?

A

COX-2

25
Q

What should a patient with TCC start taking?

A

An NSAID (Gold standard: Feldane/Piroxicam)

26
Q

If you spay your kitty before 6 months of age, how much are you reducing the risk of mammary gland tumor occurrence?

A

91% risk reduction!

27
Q

What cat breeds are predisposed to mammary gland tumors?

A

DSH and Siamese*

28
Q

What is the unique aggressive variant of mammary gland tumor in dogs ?

A

Inflammatory carcinoma

29
Q

T or F:
Intact queens have a 7x- higher risk of mammary cancer vs. FS cats.

A

True

30
Q

If you spay your kitty between 7-12 months of age, how much are you reducing the risk for mammary gland tumor occurrence?

A

86% risk reduction!

31
Q

What is the lifetime risk for MGT if canine OHE prior to 2nd estrus?

A

8%

32
Q

What is the lifetime risk for MGT if canine OHE prior to 3rd estrus?

A

26%

33
Q

After what age in dogs is there no benefit of OHE?

A

4years

34
Q

What is the gold standard for mammary gland tumors?

A

Surgery: OHE should always be performed concurrently when removing MGTs!

35
Q

What’s the MST using adjunctive chemotherapy to treat MGTs in cats? (I.e. doxorubicin coupled w/NSAID or cyclophosphamide)

A

460 days (15m)

36
Q

What is the second most common canine reproductive tumor?

A

Vaginal tumors! (2-3% of all canine tumors)

37
Q

Are most vaginal tumors benign or malignant?

A

83% are benign and of smooth muscle origin: Leiomyoma

38
Q

If a vaginal mass is pedunculated, what type of biopsy should we take vs. if the mass is filtrative?

A

Pedunculated: excisional with OHE

Infiltrative: incisional (or not intact)

39
Q

How do we treat malignant and infiltrative vaginal tumors?

A

Complete “vulvovaginectomy and perineal urethrostomy”

40
Q

Most common tumor of male genitalia and accounts for 90% of all cancers of male reproductive tract?

A

Testicular tumors

41
Q

What are the 3 most common canine testicular tumors?

A
  1. Interstitial cell tumor (interstitial cells of Leydig)
  2. Seminole (germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules)
  3. Sertoli cell tumor (sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules)
42
Q

Concerning canine bladder tumors, what is the most common NON-neoplastic dDx?

A

Polypoid cystitis

SAM II (24 decks)

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