Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ICC3 > urological problems and the kidney > Flashcards

urological problems and the kidney Flashcards

1
Q

what is nephrolithiasis ?

A

formation or the disease of stones in the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the risk factors for developing urinary stones ?

A

male
white
obese
diabetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the conditions associated with urinary stone disease ?

A

primary hypertension
sarcoidosis
CF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the nature of the pain associated with urinary stones ?

A

acute colicky flank pain radiating to the groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the required workup for urinary stones ?

A

rule out medication induced stones
CT can be used
MRI if the patient is pregnant
urine culture to identify the type of stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the different types of urine stones/crystals ?

A 
calcium oxalate 
calcium phosphate 
uric acid 
struvite 
cystine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the associated conditions with calcium oxalate crystals ?

A

hypercalciuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the associated conditions with calcium phosphate crystals ?

A

distal renal tubular acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the associated conditions with uric acid crystals?

A

hyperurecemia
gout
DM
obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the associated conditions with struvite crystals ?

A

alkaline crystals due to chronic urinary tract infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the associated conditions with cystine crystals ?

A

cystinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the most important intervention when it comes to treatment of renal stones ?

A

markedly increase fluid intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can be given in cases of hypercalciuria ?

A

thiazide diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what can be given in cases of hyperuricosuria ?

A

allopurinol or potassium citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what can be given for hypocitraturia ?

A

potassium citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what size of stones should pass spontaneously ?

A

less than 4 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when is urological intervention required ?

A

evidence of :

  • infection
  • acute kidney injury
  • intractable nausea or pain
  • stones that fail to pass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the urological intervention options ?

A

shock wave lithotripsy
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
rigid and flexible ureteroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which urological intervention can be used for proximal ureteric stones ?

A

shock wave lithotripsy

20
Q

when is percutaneous nephrolithotomy indicated ?

A

anatomic abnormalities such as horse shoe kidney

21
Q

what is the treatment of choice for middle and distal ureteric stones ?

A

rigid and flexible uterescopy

22
Q

what are the classifications of UTIs in adults ?

A 
asymptomatic bacteriuria 
acute uncomplicated cystitis in females 
recurrent cystitis in females 
acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in females 
complicated UTI
23
Q

what is asymptomatic bacteriuria ?

A

presence of uropathogens without any evidence of systemic infection

24
Q

which group of people are at a much higher risk at acquiring acute uncomplicated cystitis ?

A

sexually active women mostly between the ages of 15-45 y/o

25
Q

what is the most common causative organism of uncomplicated UTI ?

A

e.coli

staph aureus

26
Q

who is at risk of a complicated UTI ?

A
  • post menopausal women
  • males
  • patients with structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract
  • catheters in situ
  • patients with comorbidities ( DM)
27
Q

what may asymptomatic bacteriuria in young children indicate ?

A

underlying vesicoureteral reflux

28
Q

what is the clinical picture of uncomplicated cystitis in females ?

A

acute onset of dysuria
frequency
suprapubic pain or new urine incontinence

29
Q

what are the differential diagnosis of uncomplicated cystitis in females ?

A

vaginitis

urethritis

30
Q

what are the investigations for uncomplicated cystitis ?

A

urine analysis :
heamturia common inn UTI but not vaginitis/urethritis
bacteruria required for a definitive diagnosis

urine cultures are not indicated

31
Q

in a case of suspected uncomplicated cystitis if the urine analysis showed negative for pyuria what would that suggest ?

A

strongly suggests an alternative diagnosis

32
Q

what must be considered if there is a recurrence of attacks within 1 to 2 weeks in recurrent acute cystitis?

A

consider infection with ab-resistant antibiotic
obtain urine culture
treat according to culture

33
Q

if there is recurrence within 2 weeks to 6 months of initial infection what is the next best step in management ?

A

use a different antibiotic

34
Q

if recurrence occurs after 6 months of the initial infection what is the next best thing to do ?

A

use the same antibiotic

35
Q

what is the clinical presentation of pyelonephritis ?

A

fever chills
costophrenic angle pain
nausea and vomiting
pyuria is almost always present

36
Q

what investigations should be done in cases of pyelonephritis ?

A

urine cultures

37
Q

what is the most important factor in the development of catheter associated bacteriuria ?

A

the duration of the catheterization

38
Q

what are the complications of long term catheterization ?

A

bacteremia
antibiotic resistance flora
cystitis/pyelonephritis
catheter obstruction

39
Q

what is the clinical picture of catheter associated bacteriuria ?

A

asymptomatic

40
Q

when do we give antibiotics in UTI ?

A

only in symptomatic cases to avoid antibiotic resistant bacteria

41
Q

what can we do to reduce the incidence of symptomatic UTI in patients with spinal cord injury ?

A

hydrophilic-coated catheter

42
Q

what is the pathogenesis of prostatitis ?

A

reflux of infected urine from the urethra into the prostatic duct

43
Q

what is the treatment fro prostatitis ?

A

fluoroquinolone

44
Q

what should the broad spectrum ab given in UTI cover ?

A

staph aureus

45
Q

what is emphysematous pyelonephritis ?

A

fulimant
necrotizing
life threatening form of acute pyelonephritis

46
Q

how should the efficacy of treatment be evaluated ?

A

urine culture

ICC3 (66 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions