renal replacement therapy

Question 1

what are the three major renal replacement techniques ?

Answer 1

intermittent
hybrid
continuous

Question 2

what are the conventional indications for renal replacement therapy ?

Answer 2

• fluid overload resistant to diuretic therapy
• metabolic acidosis, refractory to medical management
• hyperkalemia refractory to medical management
• uraemic symptoms or signs

Question 3

what are examples of uremic symptoms ?

Answer 3

pericarditis
encephalopathy
bleeding diathesis

Question 4

what are some other important indications of RRT ?

Answer 4

• poisoning with a dialyzable drug
• hyperthermia refractory to regular cooling methods
• life-threatening electrolyte derangement
• progressive azotemia

Question 5

what are the contraindications of RRT ?

Answer 5

• the patient doesn’t want dialysis
• inability to establish vascular access
• lack of trained personnel

Question 6

what are the types of access in hemodialysis ?

Answer 6

• arteriovenous fistulas and grafts

- temporary vascular access

Question 7

what are the complications of vascular access in hemodialysis ?

Answer 7

thrombosis
infection
aneurysm
ischaemia - steal syndrome

Question 8

what are the fibres in the dialyzer like ?

Answer 8

semi-permiable

Question 9

how often should vital signs be measured in hemodialysis ?

Answer 9

every 30 to 60 minutes

Question 10

what are the complications of hemodialysis ?

Answer 10

hypotension 
muscle cramp 
loss of blood 
hepatitis 
disequilibrium syndrome

Question 11

what is CRRT ?

Answer 11

continual renal replacement is an alternative or adjunctive method for treating AKI

Question 12

what is the ultimate treatment of choice for patients with end stage renal disease ?

Answer 12

renal transplantation

Question 13

when do you refer a patient for transplant evaluation ?

Answer 13

eGFR < 20 ml

Question 14

the most common cause of transplant loss is death with a functional transplant due to :

Answer 14

heart disease
infections
malignancies

Question 15

what are the types of kidney donors ?

Answer 15

living ( related and non related )

cadaveric ( heart beating , non beating heart )

Question 16

the benefit of transplantation is most noted in ?

Answer 16

young patients and diabetic patients

Question 17

what are the criteria for a suitable donor ?

Answer 17

age 
no chronic systemic disease 
compatible blood group 
BI less than 28 
serologically negative 
no drug abuse 
no pregnancy or hormonal therapy ( for a year )

Question 18

what are the transplant medication combinations ?

Answer 18

-prograf OR neoral (cyclosporine) OR Rapamune
along with 
Cellcept ( mycophenolate)
alogn with 
prednisolone

Question 19

what are the complications of renal transplantation ?

Answer 19

acute rejection 
urine leak 
renal vein thrombosis 
chronic rejection 
vesicoureteral reflux

Question 20

what are some newer theraqpies ?

Answer 20

wearable artificial kidney
stem cell therapy
regenerative medicine