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ICC3 > localization in neurology > Flashcards

localization in neurology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

it is the primary motor cortex area also known as brodmann’s area 4 which is responsible for the execution of movement of the contralateral side of the body

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2
Q

what does injury to the frontal lobe cause ?

A

spastic paralysis

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3
Q

frontal eye fields

A

brodmann area 8 control of visual attention and eye movements

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4
Q

what is the function of the paracentral lobule

A

cortical inhibition of bladder and bowel voiding

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5
Q

prefrontal syndromes

A

orbitofrontal
frontal convexity
medial frontal

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6
Q

if the patient has urinary incontinence where is the lesion most likely to be ?

A

paracentral lobule

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7
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe ?

A

it is the primary somatosensory cortex ( areas 1 2 and 3)

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8
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory are a?

A

helps with discriminative sensation - touch, positions, position and temperature

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9
Q

what does injury to the somatosensory association area caus e?

A

injury to. area 5 and 7 causes agnosia

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10
Q

what is agnosia ?

A

Agnosia is the loss of the ability to recognize objects, faces, voices, or places

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11
Q

what is gerstmann syndrome

A

loss of four specific neurological functions including agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia and inability to make the distinction between the right and left side of the body when ( this affection happens on the dominant hemisphere)

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12
Q

where is the lesion with grestmanns syndrome ?

A

near the junction of the temporal and parietal lobes at or near the angular gyrus

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13
Q

sections of the temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex
auditory association cortex
wernicke’s area

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14
Q

what does the dominant part of the parietal lobe control ?

A

calculation and language

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15
Q

what does the non dominant part of the parietal lobe control ?

A

sensory visuospatial processing

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16
Q

pathology of the non dominant parietal lobe?

A

anosognosia
dressing apraxia
geographic agnosia
constructional apraxia

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17
Q

pathology of the dominant parietal lobe?

A

finger agnosia , acalculia, agraphia ( gerstmann syndrome)

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18
Q

lesion in wernicks area?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia/receptive aphasia

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19
Q

what is anosognosia ?

A

inability to accept ones own conditions , lack of insight

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20
Q

what can indicate temporal lobe pathology ?

A

cortical deafness
difficulty hearing spoken words
memory impairment
aggressive or antisocial behaviour
superior quandrantanopia

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21
Q

what is in the occipital lobe ?

A

primary visual cortex (striate area
visual association area (parastriate area)

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22
Q

occipital lobe pathology

A

homonymous hemianopia
Anton’s syndrome
Balints syndrome ( visual agnosia)
colour blindness - inf occipital branch off PCA
prosopagnosia ( face blindness)

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23
Q

you are asked to test for cerebellar syndromes?

A

finger-nose testing iintention tremor/dysmetria
alternating hand movements ( Dysdiadochokinesia )
examine eye movement
listen to speech
heel to shin coordination
ask the patient to walk

24
Q

testing the brain stem ?

A

testing the cranial nerves

25
Q

homonymous hemaniopia where is the lesion ?

A

occipital lobe

26
Q

superior or inferior quadrantopia where is the lesion ?

A

optic radiation

27
Q

what does the cavernous sinus syndrome affect ?

A

combination of CN 3 , 4 and 6

28
Q

what is the difference between aphasia and dysarthria ?

A

aphasia is difficulty comprehending speech
dysarthria is characterized by difficulty controlling the muscles used for speech

29
Q

what are the types of dysarthria

A

cerebellar
bulbar ( LMN)
pseudo bulbar (UMN)
extrapyramidal

30
Q

what are the types of dysphasia ?

A

Wernicks aphasia
Broca’s aphasia

31
Q

what are the 4 nuclei in the midline of the brainstem ?

A

the numbers divisible by 12 ,
3
4
6
12

32
Q

what are the 4 midline structures in the brainstem

A

all start with M
motor pathway
medial leminiscus
medial longitudinal fasiculus
motor nucleus and nerve

33
Q

which nuclei are lateral in the brainstem

A

the non divisible by 12
5
7
8
9
10
11

34
Q

what are the 4 other structures in the brain stem starting with S

A

all lateral
spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
sensory nucleus of CN 5
sympathetic pathway

35
Q

defect in the:
motor pathway
medial leminiscus
medial longitudinal fasiculus
motor nucleus and nerve

A

defects are:
1.contralateral weakness (hemiparesis)
2.contralateral proprioception loss
3.ipsilateral intranuclear ophthalmoplegia
4. ipsilateral CN function loss

36
Q

defects in the:
spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
sensory nucleus of CN 5
Sympathetic pathway

A

defects in the :
ipsilateral ataxia
contralateral pain and temp loss
ipsilateral pain and temp loss in the face
ipsilateral Horner syndrome

37
Q

horner’s syndrome

A

miosis
anhidrosis (no face sweating)
ptosis

38
Q

complete lesion in CN II

A

lost direct light reflex but the consensual is intact in the same eye q

39
Q

complete lesion of CN III

A

loss of both direct and consensual light reflex

40
Q

where is the lesion in Balint’s syndrome ?

A

inability to direct voluntary gaze
parieto-occipital lobe pathology

41
Q

where is the lesion in prospagnosia ?

A

occipito-temporal lobe pathology

42
Q

where is the lesion if the patient presents with INO ?

A

medial longitudinal fasiculus

43
Q

what are the signs of cerebellar dysfunction ?

A

limb or gait ataxia
rebound nystagmus
staccato speech
hypotonia
rebound phenomenon
Dysdiadochokinesia
intention tremor

44
Q

what is the presentation of INO ?

A

the eye which has the lesion cannot adduct
the other eye shows nystagmus

45
Q

if there is a single nerve affection of the eye which nerves are more likley to be affected ?

A

3,4 , 6

46
Q

in eye movement disorders if single nerve palsies and INO are excluded what is most likely pathogenesis ?

A

complex ophthalmoplegia :
myasthenia gravis
thyroid disease

47
Q

if the eye is deviated medially which cranial nerve is affected ?

A

CN 6

48
Q

uvula deviation is present in which cranial nerve ?

A

CN 10

49
Q

affection of the 5th cranial nerve ?

A

sensation on the face
motor - ask the patient to clench their teeth
do corneal and jaw jerk

50
Q

affection of the 7th cranial nerve ?

A

facial asymmetry and wasting

51
Q

affection off thee 8th CN ?

A

whisper in their ear
if abnormal do rinne and weber

52
Q

what are the section of the spinal cord ?

A

anterior - spinothalamic tract with decussating
posterior - dorsal column
in between the corticospinal tract

53
Q

total cord affection ?

A

spastic quadra pap-paresis
sensory level to all modalities

54
Q

affection of the spinothalamic and corticospinal tract ?

A

pain and temp loss below the level

55
Q

affection of the posterior cord ?

A

dorsal column and corrticospinal
vibration and JPS loss below level

56
Q

affection of the central cord ?

A

pain and temperature loss at the level of the lesion

57
Q

hemi cord affection ?

A

ipsilateral hemi paresis
ipsilateral vibration loss
contralateral pain and temp loss

ICC3 (66 decks)

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