localization in neurology

Question 1

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 1

it is the primary motor cortex area also known as brodmann’s area 4 which is responsible for the execution of movement of the contralateral side of the body

Question 2

what does injury to the frontal lobe cause ?

Answer 2

spastic paralysis

Question 3

frontal eye fields

Answer 3

brodmann area 8 control of visual attention and eye movements

Question 4

what is the function of the paracentral lobule

Answer 4

cortical inhibition of bladder and bowel voiding

Question 5

prefrontal syndromes

Answer 5

orbitofrontal
frontal convexity
medial frontal

Question 6

if the patient has urinary incontinence where is the lesion most likely to be ?

Answer 6

paracentral lobule

Question 7

what is the function of the parietal lobe ?

Answer 7

it is the primary somatosensory cortex ( areas 1 2 and 3)

Question 8

what is the function of the primary somatosensory are a?

Answer 8

helps with discriminative sensation - touch, positions, position and temperature

Question 9

what does injury to the somatosensory association area caus e?

Answer 9

injury to. area 5 and 7 causes agnosia

Question 10

what is agnosia ?

Answer 10

Agnosia is the loss of the ability to recognize objects, faces, voices, or places

Question 11

what is gerstmann syndrome

Answer 11

loss of four specific neurological functions including agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia and inability to make the distinction between the right and left side of the body when ( this affection happens on the dominant hemisphere)

Question 12

where is the lesion with grestmanns syndrome ?

Answer 12

near the junction of the temporal and parietal lobes at or near the angular gyrus

Question 13

sections of the temporal lobe

Answer 13

primary auditory cortex
auditory association cortex
wernicke’s area

Question 14

what does the dominant part of the parietal lobe control ?

Answer 14

calculation and language

Question 15

what does the non dominant part of the parietal lobe control ?

Answer 15

sensory visuospatial processing

Question 16

pathology of the non dominant parietal lobe?

Answer 16

anosognosia
dressing apraxia
geographic agnosia
constructional apraxia

Question 17

pathology of the dominant parietal lobe?

Answer 17

finger agnosia , acalculia, agraphia ( gerstmann syndrome)

Question 18

lesion in wernicks area?

Answer 18

Wernicke’s aphasia/receptive aphasia

Question 19

what is anosognosia ?

Answer 19

inability to accept ones own conditions , lack of insight

Question 20

what can indicate temporal lobe pathology ?

Answer 20

cortical deafness
difficulty hearing spoken words
memory impairment
aggressive or antisocial behaviour
superior quandrantanopia

Question 21

what is in the occipital lobe ?

Answer 21

primary visual cortex (striate area
visual association area (parastriate area)

Question 22

occipital lobe pathology

Answer 22

homonymous hemianopia
Anton’s syndrome
Balints syndrome ( visual agnosia)
colour blindness - inf occipital branch off PCA
prosopagnosia ( face blindness)

Question 23

you are asked to test for cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 23

finger-nose testing iintention tremor/dysmetria
alternating hand movements ( Dysdiadochokinesia )
examine eye movement
listen to speech
heel to shin coordination
ask the patient to walk

Question 24

testing the brain stem ?

Answer 24

testing the cranial nerves

Question 25

homonymous hemaniopia where is the lesion ?

Answer 25

occipital lobe

Question 26

superior or inferior quadrantopia where is the lesion ?

Answer 26

optic radiation

Question 27

what does the cavernous sinus syndrome affect ?

Answer 27

combination of CN 3 , 4 and 6

Question 28

what is the difference between aphasia and dysarthria ?

Answer 28

aphasia is difficulty comprehending speech dysarthria is characterized by difficulty controlling the muscles used for speech

Question 29

what are the types of dysarthria

Answer 29

cerebellar bulbar ( LMN) pseudo bulbar (UMN) extrapyramidal

Question 30

what are the types of dysphasia ?

Answer 30

Wernicks aphasia Broca's aphasia

Question 31

what are the 4 nuclei in the midline of the brainstem ?

Answer 31

the numbers divisible by 12 , 3 4 6 12

Question 32

what are the 4 midline structures in the brainstem

Answer 32

all start with M motor pathway medial leminiscus medial longitudinal fasiculus motor nucleus and nerve

Question 33

which nuclei are lateral in the brainstem

Answer 33

the non divisible by 12 5 7 8 9 10 11

Question 34

what are the 4 other structures in the brain stem starting with S

Answer 34

all lateral spinocerebellar spinothalamic sensory nucleus of CN 5 sympathetic pathway

Question 35

defect in the: motor pathway medial leminiscus medial longitudinal fasiculus motor nucleus and nerve

Answer 35

defects are: 1.contralateral weakness (hemiparesis) 2.contralateral proprioception loss 3.ipsilateral intranuclear ophthalmoplegia 4. ipsilateral CN function loss

Question 36

defects in the: spinocerebellar spinothalamic sensory nucleus of CN 5 Sympathetic pathway

Answer 36

defects in the : ipsilateral ataxia contralateral pain and temp loss ipsilateral pain and temp loss in the face ipsilateral Horner syndrome

Question 37

horner's syndrome

Answer 37

miosis anhidrosis (no face sweating) ptosis

Question 38

complete lesion in CN II

Answer 38

lost direct light reflex but the consensual is intact in the same eye q

Question 39

complete lesion of CN III

Answer 39

loss of both direct and consensual light reflex

Question 40

where is the lesion in Balint's syndrome ?

Answer 40

inability to direct voluntary gaze parieto-occipital lobe pathology

Question 41

where is the lesion in prospagnosia ?

Answer 41

occipito-temporal lobe pathology

Question 42

where is the lesion if the patient presents with INO ?

Answer 42

medial longitudinal fasiculus

Question 43

what are the signs of cerebellar dysfunction ?

Answer 43

limb or gait ataxia rebound nystagmus staccato speech hypotonia rebound phenomenon Dysdiadochokinesia intention tremor

Question 44

what is the presentation of INO ?

Answer 44

the eye which has the lesion cannot adduct the other eye shows nystagmus

Question 45

if there is a single nerve affection of the eye which nerves are more likley to be affected ?

Answer 45

3,4 , 6

Question 46

in eye movement disorders if single nerve palsies and INO are excluded what is most likely pathogenesis ?

Answer 46

complex ophthalmoplegia : myasthenia gravis thyroid disease

Question 47

if the eye is deviated medially which cranial nerve is affected ?

Answer 47

CN 6

Question 48

uvula deviation is present in which cranial nerve ?

Answer 48

CN 10

Question 49

affection of the 5th cranial nerve ?

Answer 49

sensation on the face motor - ask the patient to clench their teeth do corneal and jaw jerk

Question 50

affection of the 7th cranial nerve ?

Answer 50

facial asymmetry and wasting

Question 51

affection off thee 8th CN ?

Answer 51

whisper in their ear if abnormal do rinne and weber

Question 52

what are the section of the spinal cord ?

Answer 52

anterior - spinothalamic tract with decussating posterior - dorsal column in between the corticospinal tract

Question 53

total cord affection ?

Answer 53

spastic quadra pap-paresis sensory level to all modalities

Question 54

affection of the spinothalamic and corticospinal tract ?

Answer 54

pain and temp loss below the level

Question 55

affection of the posterior cord ?

Answer 55

dorsal column and corrticospinal vibration and JPS loss below level

Question 56

affection of the central cord ?

Answer 56

pain and temperature loss at the level of the lesion

Question 57

hemi cord affection ?

Answer 57

ipsilateral hemi paresis ipsilateral vibration loss contralateral pain and temp loss