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ICC3 > haematological changes in systemic diseases > Flashcards

haematological changes in systemic diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major causes of neutrophilia ?

A 
bacterial infections
inflammation/necrosis 
malignant disease 
drugs 
myeloproliferative disease
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2
Q

what does the presence of neutrophil precursors in the blood indicate ?

A

severe infections, e.g: bacterial pneumonia
severe haemorrhages or haemolysis
malignant disease
massive tissue damage-trauma, burns

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3
Q

what are leucoerythroblastic changes ?

A

the presence in the blood of nucleated RBC and immature WBC

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4
Q

what are the causes of leucoerythroblastic changes ?

A

1.marrow invasion :
metastatic tumor
haematological malignancies

2.severe illness:
trauma, septicaemia, massive haemolysis

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5
Q

what further investigation would a patient with leucoerythroblastic changes require ?

A

Bone Marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy

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6
Q

what are the causes of isolated neutropenia ?

A 
Congenital
Autoimmune
Racial
Drugs
Post-viral malaria
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7
Q

what are main causes of esoniophilia ?

A 
parasites 
allergies 
skin diseases 
malignancy 
inflammatory disease 
hypereosinophilic syndrome 
eosinophilic leukemia
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8
Q

what investigation are required with a patient presenting with eosinophilia ?

A

full travel and drug history
stool examination for parasites

may require stool examination for parasites

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9
Q

when can absolute lymphocytosis ?

A

acute infection
chronic infection
chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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10
Q

what are the most appropriate investigations with a patient that presents with lymphocytosis ?

A

history of viral illness
examination of throat and lymph nodes
viral serology
immunophenotyping or immunohistochemistry

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11
Q

what is infectious mononucleosis, and what is seen on its blood film ?

A

due to epstein barr virus , also called the kissing disease
atypical lymphocytes

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12
Q

what is pancytopenia ?

A

a reduction in the number of circulating blood cells

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13
Q

what causes a hypocellular marrow ?

A

cytotoxic therapy

aplastic anemia

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14
Q

what causes a hypercellular bone marrow ?

A

secondary cancers
haematological malignancies
myelodysplasia

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15
Q

what are the causes of aplastic anemia ?

A

congenital as with fanconi’s anemia
acquired aplastic anemia
autoimmune aplastic anemia

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16
Q

what is the managment for aplastic anemia ?

A 
remove the causative agent 
supportive therapy ( transfusion)
if its autoimmune appropriate immune suppressors ( cyclosporine) 
and anti-thymocyte globulin
bone marrow transplantation
17
Q

what does the prognosis of myelodysplastic syndrome depend on ?

A

number of cytopenia in the blood
number of blasts in the bone marrow
cytogenetics and chromosomal abnormalities

18
Q

what is the management/treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome ?

A

cytotoxic chemotherapy
demethylating therapy
allogenic stem cell transplantation
supportive therapy

19
Q

what is the Hb aim in patients suffering from bone marrow failure anemia ?

A

10 g/dl

20
Q

what is the clinical management of leucopenia ?

A

non absorbable anti fungals
broad spectrum antibiotics
prophylactic acyclovir

21
Q

what is the clinical presentation of thrombocytopenia ?

A

mucosal bleeding
purpura
retinal haemorrhages

22
Q

what is the management of thrombocytopenia ?

A

if there is no bleeding then platelete infusion

usually require HLA matched platelets

23
Q

what kind of anemia is associated with renal failure ?

A

normocytic anemia

24
Q

what are the haematological changes in liver disease ?

A

bleeding tendency

25
Q

why is there anemia in chronic renal failure ?

A

decreased erythropoietin production
increased hepcidin levels
anemia of chronic disease

26
Q

how do we treat anemia in chronic renal failure ?

A

recombinant erythropoietin

ICC3 (66 decks)

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