updated urological problems

Question 1

what is asymptomatic bacteriuria ?

Answer 1

infection in urine in an asymptomatic patient

Question 2

what is an uncomplicated UTI ?

Answer 2

symptomatic infection that occurs in a premenopausal woman with no anatomical abnormality of the urinary tract and is not pregnant with no sig comorbidity

Question 3

what is a complicated UTI ?

Answer 3

is a symptomatic infection with a functional or structural urinary abnormality

Question 4

infection of the kidney and the ureter ?

Answer 4

pyelonephritiis

Question 5

urinary bladder infection ?

Answer 5

cystitis

Question 6

infection involving urethra ?

Answer 6

urethritis

Question 7

most common causative organism in UTIs

Answer 7

e.coli

Question 8

what are the predisposing factors to UTI ?

Answer 8

pregnancy
females
previous UTI
immunocompromised
diabetic
abnormality in the urriinary tract
intrumentation
sexual intercoourse
spermiciddes

Question 9

what does nephrolithiasis mean ?

Answer 9

kidney stones

Question 10

what is the presentation of ureteric stone ?

Answer 10

sudden onset of extremely painful colicky pain
from loin to groin

Question 11

what is the gold standard for the diagnosis of kidney stones ?

Answer 11

non contrast CT

Question 12

what is the treatment for kidney stones ?

Answer 12

NSAIDs
IV fluids
lithotripsy
ureteral endoscopy

Question 13

most common types of kidney stones ?

Answer 13

calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate

Question 14

how can you differentiate between pyelonephritis and cystitis ?

Answer 14

pyelonephritis - flank pain tenderness, fever and vomiting due to hematogenous route infection
cystitis - suprapubic tenderness, not commonly associated with nausea and vomiting ascending infection

Question 15

what is the treatment for uncomplicated cystitis ?

Answer 15

trimethoprim
Or
nitrofurantoin

Question 16

what is the treatment for uncomplicated cystitis in pregnant women ?

Answer 16

nitrofurantoin
or
cephalexin
or
trimethoprim

Question 17

when can trimethoprim be used for pregnant women with cystitis ?

Answer 17

only in the 2nd and 3rd trimester 9 effects folic acid levels if used in 1st trimester )

Question 18

whatt is the treatmeent for pyelonephritis ?

Answer 18

fluoroquinolones
or
third generation cephalosporins IV then PO

Question 19

what is the treatment for pyelonephritis in pregnant women ?

Answer 19

ceftriaxone IV
orr
cefotaxime IV
or
ampicillin IV and gentamicin IV

Question 20

which type of patients are more prone to get candida albicans infection?

Answer 20

immunocompromised patients e.g diabetics

Question 21

what is the management of a candida albicans infection in a diabetic patient ?

Answer 21

improve the immune status of the patient and improve glycemic control
flucanzole

Question 22

what is the management for asymptomatic bacteriuria ?

Answer 22

should not be treated unless in a pregnant woman or in a patient with catheter inserted

Question 23

when should cathetr related bacteriuria be treated ?

Answer 23

if there is significant local symptoms or systemic upset
remove the catheter whenever possible