Urological pathology Flashcards
types of urological stones and causes
75% = Ca Oxalate - due to excess Ca ReAbs in gut 15% = Mg ammonia phos 5% = uric acid
what type of stones are associated with stag-hron calculi
Mg-Ammonia Phos
common points of impaction of urological stones
pelvi-uteric junction
pelvic brim
vesico-ureteric junc
sympto of BPH
hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epi cells ->
difficulty urinating, retention, freq, nocturia, overflow dribbling
histology of BPH
nodules, prostatic epi ducts with duct spaces
treatment for BPH
TURP, 5-a reductase inhib
what lesion gives rise to prostate cancer
PIN precursor lesion
classically in periph zone of gland
where does prostate cancer typically spread to
bladder and bone
what investigation will make you suspect prostate cancer
PSA >4ng/ml
how is prostate cancer graded
gleeson system
based on differentiation and glandular patterns
types of testicular tumours
95% = germ cell tumour (seminoma)
non germ - leydig (from stroma), sertoli (from sex cord)
what is the precursor lesion for testicular cancer
intratubular germ cell neoplasia
chemo/radiosensitivity of testicular tumours
seminoma = radiosensetive teratoma = chemosensetive
markers for germ cell tumours
AFP, HCG, LDH
3 types of benign renal tumours
papillary adenoma
oncocytoma
angiomyolipoma
histo of papillary adenoma
bland epi cells growing with papillary architecture
histo of oncocytoma
oncolytic renal epi neoplasm
histo of angiomyolipoma
mesenchymal tumour consisting of fat, blood vessels and muscle
3 types of malignant renal tumours
RCC
nephroblastoma
transitional cell carcinoma
RF for RCC
smoking, HTN, obesity, long term dialysis
types of renal cell carcinomas
70% = clear cell - golden yellow with haemorrhagic areas 15% = papillary - friable brown tumour 5% = chromophobe
histo of nephroblastoma
childhood renal neoplasm
sml, round, undifferentiated blue cells
histo of transitional cel carcinoma
epi neoplasm arising from urothelial tract - commonly in bladder
most common bladder tumour
90% = transitional cell (urothelial) tumour
M>F, 50-80
