Urological pathology

Question 1

types of urological stones and causes

Answer 1

75% = Ca Oxalate - due to excess Ca ReAbs in gut
15% = Mg ammonia phos
5% = uric acid

Question 2

what type of stones are associated with stag-hron calculi

Answer 2

Mg-Ammonia Phos

Question 3

common points of impaction of urological stones

Answer 3

pelvi-uteric junction
pelvic brim
vesico-ureteric junc

Question 4

sympto of BPH

Answer 4

hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epi cells ->

difficulty urinating, retention, freq, nocturia, overflow dribbling

Question 5

histology of BPH

Answer 5

nodules, prostatic epi ducts with duct spaces

Question 6

treatment for BPH

Answer 6

TURP, 5-a reductase inhib

Question 7

what lesion gives rise to prostate cancer

Answer 7

PIN precursor lesion

classically in periph zone of gland

Question 8

where does prostate cancer typically spread to

Answer 8

bladder and bone

Question 9

what investigation will make you suspect prostate cancer

Answer 9

PSA >4ng/ml

Question 10

how is prostate cancer graded

Answer 10

gleeson system

based on differentiation and glandular patterns

Question 11

types of testicular tumours

Answer 11

95% = germ cell tumour (seminoma)

non germ - leydig (from stroma), sertoli (from sex cord)

Question 12

what is the precursor lesion for testicular cancer

Answer 12

intratubular germ cell neoplasia

Question 13

chemo/radiosensitivity of testicular tumours

Answer 13

seminoma = radiosensetive
teratoma = chemosensetive

Question 14

markers for germ cell tumours

Answer 14

AFP, HCG, LDH

Question 15

3 types of benign renal tumours

Answer 15

papillary adenoma
oncocytoma
angiomyolipoma

Question 16

histo of papillary adenoma

Answer 16

bland epi cells growing with papillary architecture

Question 17

histo of oncocytoma

Answer 17

oncolytic renal epi neoplasm

Question 18

histo of angiomyolipoma

Answer 18

mesenchymal tumour consisting of fat, blood vessels and muscle

Question 19

3 types of malignant renal tumours

Answer 19

RCC
nephroblastoma
transitional cell carcinoma

Question 20

RF for RCC

Answer 20

smoking, HTN, obesity, long term dialysis

Question 21

types of renal cell carcinomas

Answer 21

70% = clear cell - golden yellow with haemorrhagic areas
15% = papillary - friable brown tumour
5% = chromophobe

Question 22

histo of nephroblastoma

Answer 22

childhood renal neoplasm

sml, round, undifferentiated blue cells

Question 23

histo of transitional cel carcinoma

Answer 23

epi neoplasm arising from urothelial tract - commonly in bladder

Question 24

most common bladder tumour

Answer 24

90% = transitional cell (urothelial) tumour

M>F, 50-80