Urogenital pathologies part 4

Question 1

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 1

: Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.

Question 2

What causes glomerulonephritis?

Answer 2

It can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, or other systemic conditions.

Question 3

What are the signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 3

Symptoms include hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria, edema, and high blood pressure.

Question 4

What are the complications of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 4

Complications include chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, and hypertension.

Question 4

What is the radiographic appearance of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 4

: Imaging may show enlarged kidneys and, in chronic cases, reduced kidney size and altered echotexture on ultrasound.

Question 5

What imaging modalities are used to diagnose glomerulonephritis?

Answer 5

Ultrasound, MRI, and sometimes a kidney biopsy.

Question 6

What are staghorn calculi?

Answer 6

Staghorn calculi are large kidney stones that take the shape of the renal pelvis and calyces.

Question 7

What causes staghorn calculi?

Answer 7

They are often caused by recurrent urinary tract infections with urease-producing bacteria.

Question 8

What are the signs and symptoms of staghorn calculi?

Answer 8

Symptoms may include severe flank pain, hematuria (blood in the urine), recurrent urinary tract infections, and potentially kidney function impairment.

Question 9

What is the radiographic appearance of staghorn calculi?

Answer 9

On radiographs, staghorn calculi appear as large, branching stone formations filling the renal pelvis and calyces.

Question 10

What imaging modalities are used to diagnose staghorn calculi?

Answer 10

Diagnosed using abdominal X-rays, non-contrast CT scans, and sometimes ultrasound.

Question 11

: What are the complications of staghorn calculi?

Answer 11

: If untreated, they can cause chronic kidney infections, renal abscesses, and ultimately lead to renal failure.

Question 12

What are duplex kidneys?

Answer 12

Duplex kidneys, or duplicated renal collecting system, are a congenital condition where a person has two separate pelvicalyceal systems, each with its own ureter.

Question 13

What causes duplex kidneys?

Answer 13

: It is a congenital anomaly, meaning it is present at birth and results from abnormal embryonic development.

Question 14

What are the signs and symptoms of duplex kidneys?

Answer 14

Often asymptomatic, but may sometimes cause recurrent urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine), or obstruction.

Question 15

What is the radiographic appearance of duplex kidneys?

Answer 15

Duplex kidneys appear as two distinct collecting systems on imaging studies, which can be observed on intravenous pyelography (IVP) or during an ultrasound.

Question 16

What imaging modalities are used to diagnose duplex kidneys?

Answer 16

Diagnosed using ultrasound, IVP, MRI, or CT scans to visualize the duplicated collecting systems.

Question 17

What are the complications of duplex kidneys?

Answer 17

Potential complications include increased risk of UTIs, hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidney), and possible need for surgical intervention in case of severe obstructions or reflux.